Chapter 6 & 7 Collaborative Flashcards
What is microbial nutrition?
A process by which chemical compounds (nutrients) are acquired from the environment to sustain life
What are essential nutrients?
A substance (element or compound) an organism must get from a source outside of its own cells
What are macronutrients?
Required in large quantities
What are micronutrients or trace elements?
Required in small amounts
What are organic nutrients?
Contain carbon and hydrogen atoms only
What are inorganic nutrients?
Contains a combination of atoms other than carbon and hydrogen
What do all living things need, nutritionally?
Carbon source and energy source
What is a heterotroph?
An organism that gets organic carbon from other organisms
What is an autotroph?
An organism that gets inorganic carbon (CO2) from the atmosphere and is not dependent on other organisms for it
What is a chemotroph?
An organism that gains energy through chemical compounds
What is a phototroph?
An organism that gains energy through photosynthesis
How do substances move across a cell membrane?
Passive or active transport
What is passive transport?
Does not require energy
What is osmosis?
Water moves through a semi-permeable membrane
What does hypertonic mean?
High solute concentration inside cell, water exits and cell shrivels
What does hypotonic mean?
Low solute concentration inside cell, water enters and cell bursts
What does isotonic mean?
Solute concentration inside and outside of cell is equal, net 0 movement
What is plasmolysis?
What happens in a hypertonic solution, when a cell shrinks
What is plasmoptysis?
What happens in a hypotonic solution, when a cell pops
What is active transport?
Requires energy to transport substances
What is endocytosis?
A form of active transport. Bringing substances into a cell through a vesicle or phagosome
What is phagocytosis?
A form of active transport. Ingesting substances or cells
What is pinocytosis?
A form of active transport. Ingesting fluids
What environmental factors influence microbes and their growth?
Niche and adaptations to temperature
What is niche?
Totality of adaptations organisms make to their habitat. Environmental factors affect the function of metabolic enzymes
Factors include temperature, oxygen requirements, pH, osmotic pressure, and barometric pressure
What are minimum, maximum, and optimum temperatures?
Minimum - lowest temp that permits microbes growth and metabolism
Maximum - highest temp that permits a microbes growth and metabolism
Optimum - promotes fastest rate of growth and metabolism
What is a psychrophile?
Optimum temperature is cold
What is a mesophile?
Optimum temperature is medium, like regular room temp-ish
What is a thermophile?
Optimum temperature is hot
What is an anaerobe?
Something that does not utilize oxygen
What is an obligate anaerobe?
Lacks the enzymes to detoxify oxygen, therefore cannot survive in an oxygenated environment
What is an aerotolerant anaerobe?
Does not utilize oxygen, but can survive and grow in its’ presence
What is an aerobe?
Something that utilizes oxygen and can detoxify it
What is an obligate aerobe?
Something that cannot grow without oxygen
What is a facultative anaerobe?
Something that utilizes oxygen but can grow in its absence
What is a microaerophile?
Something that requires only a small amount of oxygen
What is a capnophile?
A microbe that needs higher than normal levels of CO2
Effects of pH?
Neutrophiles - grow between 6-8 neutral pH, majority of organisms
Acidophiles - grow at acidic pH
Alkalinophiles - grow at basic pH
What is a symbiotic relationship?
2 organisms grow together, which is required by one or both
What is a mutualistic relationship?
Both members benefit
What is a commensalism relationship?
The commensal benefits, the other member is not harmed
What is a parasitic relationship?
Parasite is dependent and benefits, host is harmed
What is a syntrophy relationship?
Metabolic products of 1 organism is food for another