15.3 mood disorders and schizophrenia

Question 1

major depression

Answer 1

a lengthy, chronic period of deep sadness, the perception of oneself as incompetent and worthless, and the belief in one’s life will never improve

• the individuals negative feelings thoughts and beliefs and their lack of motivation to do anything are destructive to their social relationships
• constantly exhausted
• bad eating habits
• simplest tasks are very hard
• will experience a gradual increase in the severity of their symptoms

Question 2

Bipolar disorder

Answer 2

alternation across time bw periods of extremely positive mood and self esteem and extremely negative mood and self esteem

• manic phase
• depressive phase

Question 3

manic phase

Answer 3

compels participation in risky behaviours and generates a tendency to push beyond the limits of one’s physical and mental capabilities

Question 4

depressive phase

Answer 4

-once the come back to earth they may be embarrassed/regretful of their behaviour

Question 5

bipolar vs major depression rates

Answer 5

• 1 yr prevalence
• bipolar 2.5% and major depression 7%
• lifetime prevalence
• bipolar 4%
• major depression 16%

Question 6

pessimistic explanatory style

Answer 6

the person habitually believes that nothing positive will happen to them in the future, bc they are not worthy of happiness and are not capable of achieving it

Question 7

personal attributions

Answer 7

interpretations for failures and difficulties that focus on a belief in basic personal defects in ones abilities or character

Question 8

stable attributions

Answer 8

interpretations for failures and difficulties that focus on a beliefs that ones flaws are permanent and unchangeable

Question 9

global attributions

Answer 9

interpreting failures and difficulties in one area as reflecting a general ineptness and lack of capacity to achieve positive results in any area

Question 10

the biological basis of major depression

Answer 10

• serotonin circuits (which are responsible for maintaining energy levels and positive emotion) seem to be under active in ppl who develop major depression
• the limbic system (which is responsible for emotion and processing emotionally charged info) is overactive in ppl who develop major depression
• the dorsal region of the frontal lobes (for maintaining concentration and inhibiting negative thoughts) is under active in ppl who develop major depression

Question 11

the sociocultural basis of major depression

Answer 11

living in poverty makes ppl particularly susceptible to developing major depression

• employment issues can lead to high mobility and low income housing
• unsafe neighbourhoods can have increase violence rates, schools with lower academic standards and resources
• parents in these situation can lack the necessary social support

Question 12

Both the lifetime and current prevalence of ______ and ______ is quite high, compared to ______

Answer 12

mood disorders
anxiety disorders
schizophrenia

Question 13

schizophrenia

Answer 13

involves a sever disruption in the association bw a persons thoughts about and perceptions of reality

• ppl with schizophrenia will often also experience disorganized and incoherent thoughts
• the disorder is believed to arise from a combo of genetics and negative environmental influences
• prodromal phase
• active phase
• residual phase

Question 14

prodromal phase

Answer 14

the individual experiences cognitive deficits, an increase in confusion, and problems maintaining logical thinking

Question 15

active phase

Answer 15

the person will develop strange delusions (or beliefs about themselves, other ppl, or the world that are simply not consistent with reality)

• the person may also experience bidi and disturbing hallucinations (visual, auditory, or other perceptions that do not originate from real events)
• the structure of the persons thoughts and speech can become illogical and incoherent, and their emotions and behaviour often become strange, unpredictable, and erratic

Question 16

residual phase

Answer 16

the most prominent symptoms decline, but a very suppressed willingness to engage in activities or social contact often remains

Question 17

paranoid schizophrenia

Answer 17

symptoms include paranoid delusions

delusions of grandeur are not uncommon

Question 18

disorganized schizophrenia

Answer 18

the dominant symptoms are incoherent and illogical thoughts, behaviours, and emotional reactions

Question 19

catatonic schizophrenia

Answer 19

a person may remain paralyzed and sometimes in very unusual position fore extremely long periods of time

Question 20

undifferentiated schizophrenia

Answer 20

in this variant, symptoms are a combo of symptoms characteristic of other subtypes

Question 21

residual schizophrenia

Answer 21

symptoms are typical for either the prodromal or residual phases

Question 22

positive symptoms of schizophrenia

Answer 22

symptoms that result in the individuals engaging in maladaptive behaviours

Question 23

negative symptoms of schizophrenia

Answer 23

symptoms that generate and absence of adaptive behaviours

10 times more likely to be victims of violent crimes

Question 24

biological basis of schizophrenia

Answer 24

this graph shows the lifetime risk of developing schizophrenia, if a genetic relative has been diagnosed with the disorder

• has been linked to deficiencies in the prefrontal cortex
• this region is responsible for planning and motivation, and keeping our conscious thoughts and perceptions organized
• the brain ventricles of individuals also tend to be larger mainly bc of less brain matter in the limbic system which is responsible for controlling emotion and memory
• also have overactive dopamine circuits, which is known to result in hallucinations and delusional thinking
• also have under active glutamate circuits , causing impairments in memory, organized thinking, motivation and impulse control

Question 25

the environmental basis of schizophrenia

Answer 25

individuals born in winter months are more likely to develop schizophrenia which seems to have to do with expectant mothers getting the flu during critical periods for fetal brain development
-other early developmental stressors have also been linked to the development of schizophrenia, such as material stress during pregnancy and experiencing high stress levels or abuse during childhood

Question 26

the neurodevelopmental hypothesis

Answer 26

the idea that schizophrenia originates from negative events very early in a persons life including experiences in utero

Question 27

families that are high in emotional expressiveness or high-ee families

Answer 27

are very critical, impatient and intolerant, intensifying the severity of schizophrenia symptoms and increasing the probability of relapse

Question 28

families that are low in emotional expressiveness or low-ee families

Answer 28

are very supportive and non-judgemental, which tends to reduce the severity of schizophrenia symptoms and decreases the probability of relapse

Question 29

mood disorders

Answer 29

these disorders all relate to severe disruptions in a persons emotional state, typically resulting in maladaptive behaviours and thought patterns