Tectonic Hazards Flashcards

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1
Q

What is convection?

A
  1. Mantle is heated by the core
  2. Heated magma rises towards the crust
  3. It cools, more dense, sinks again
  4. Repeats
  5. Causes the plates to move
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2
Q

What is the difference between oceanic and continental crust?

A
  1. Oceanic is heavy, dense, thinner
  2. Continental is lighter, thicker less dense
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3
Q

What is continental drift?

A

Process of plates moving over time which changes the position of continents.

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4
Q

Destructive Plate Boundary:

A
  1. One O plate and C plate push together
  2. Denser O plate subducts
  3. O plate sinks, melts , creates magma
  4. Once the magma reaches the surface, volcanoe
  5. Phillipine and Eurasian plate
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5
Q

Collision Plate Boundary

A
  1. Two C plates of same density collide
  2. Push upwards, making fold mountains.
  3. Himalayas
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6
Q

Constructive Boundary:

A
  1. Plates are moving away from each other
  2. Creates fissures and faults
  3. E-16 & Mid-Atlantic Ridge
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7
Q

Conservative Plate Boundary:

A
  1. Plates slide past each other
  2. Friction builds up until one plate snaps
  3. Creates an earthquake
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8
Q

Focus

A

Where the earthquake begins

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9
Q

Epicentre

A

Land directly above the focus is called the epicentre

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10
Q

Composite Volcano:

A
  1. Destructive plate boundary
  2. Magma is more viscous
  3. More explosive
  4. Steep sided volcanoes
  5. Ash
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11
Q

Shield Volcano:

A
  1. Constructive
  2. Liquid magma
  3. Gentle volcano slope
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12
Q

Fissure Volcano:

A
  1. Constructive plate boundary
  2. Eruption flows from a fault line
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13
Q

Caldera Volcano:

A
  1. Erupts so explosively the magma chamber empties and the crater collapses into itself
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14
Q

Hotspot:

A
  1. Oceanic plate is moving over a particularly hot area of the mantle
  2. Super plume of hot magma rising towards the crust
  3. Punches through the plates
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15
Q

How to mitigate earthquakes?

A
  1. Roof made from reinforced cement concrete
  2. Windows fitted with shatter-proof glass
  3. Counter weights to the roof to help balance the swaying
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16
Q

How to mitigate volcano eruptions?

A
  1. Gas emissions: sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide increase as magma increases
  2. Historic records. Hekla in Iceland erupts on average every 10 years.