Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Baz: Semester 2 > Cardiovascular: Human Plumbing - Arteries & Veins > Flashcards

Cardiovascular: Human Plumbing - Arteries & Veins Flashcards

1
Q

3 layers of an artery?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Differences between the artery layers depending on vessel size?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Branches vs tributaries?

A

Arteries have branches

Veins have tributaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe the starling forces accross a capillary bed?

A

On arterial side osmotic pressure > oncotic pressure therefore fluid move out

On venous side osmotic pressure < oncotic pressure therefor fluid moves in

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe what the following arterial pathologies mean?

  • aneurysm
  • stenosis
  • occluded
  • dissection
  • vasospasm
  • vasculitis
  • broken
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Definition of an aneurysm?

A

1.5x normal diameter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Most common form of aneurysm?

Other forms of aneurysm?

A

Degenerative aneurysms are the most common

  • Inflammatory, mycotic (infective), traumatic can also occur
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does this CT angiogram show?

A

Aortic aneurysm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe the open surgery approach to aneurysm repair?

A

A large incision is made and a graft is placed to replace the area where the aneurysm was

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe the endovascular approach to aneurysm repair?

A

A small incision is made and a catheter inserted into the artery. From here a graft is placed within the vessel rather than replacing it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Two options for repair of an aneurysm?

A
  1. Open surgery
  2. Endovascular repair
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Most common cause of stenosis?

A

Atherosclerosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

Thickening or hardening of the arteries caused by a buildup of plaque in the inner lining of an artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Stenosis symptoms

A

Claudication:

  • Pain on walking a fixed distance
  • Worse uphill
  • Eases rapidly when you stop
  • Can think of as ANGINA of the leg
  • As it gets can present as nocturnal pain / rest pain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Treatment of stenosis

A
  • Stop smoking
  • Movement
  • Asperin to prevent thrombosis
  • Statins to prevent plaque build up
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the six Ps of acute occlussion?

A
  • Pain (sudden onset)
  • Palor
  • Perishingly cold
  • Parasthesia
  • Pulselessness
  • Paralysis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

7 Symptoms of chronic occlusion?

A
  • Short distance claudication
  • Nocturnal pain
  • Pain at rest
  • Numbness
  • Tissue necrosis
  • Gangrene
  • Things falling off
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Treatment for tight stenosis or occlusion?

A

Can put in a stent however it doesn’t last long. Only do if it’s easy and can done under local aneasthetic.

If bad amputation only option. Prognosis is really bad 2.25years survival. This is because to get to point of amputation CVD is going to be bad all over body so survival already not good. And amputation will only make you more immobile and CVD worse.

19
Q

Aterial dissection what is it and treatment

A

A split in the inner walls allows blood to get inbetween the layers causeing it to swell and sometimes occlude.

Sometimes it will heal itself. If not a stent is required

20
Q

What is vasospasm?

WHat are its triggers?

A

This is overactive vasoconstriction particularly at the capillary level

Triggers are cold and stress

21
Q

Cause of vasculitis depending on vessel size

A
  • Large vessel – Takayasu’s disease – “the pulseless disease”
  • Medium vessel – Giant Cell Arteritis / Polymyalgia Rheumatica
  • Small vessel – lots of polyangiitis conditions usually involving the
    kidneys

Just need to remember:

  • Large - takayasu’s - pulseless
  • Medium - rheumatica
  • Small - kidneys
22
Q

Treatment of vasculitis

A

Steroids and immunosupressants

23
Q

Causes of brocken arteries

A
  • Trauma
  • Self inflicted
  • Laterogenic - caused by a clinition making a mistake
24
Q

How is an broken artery repaired?

A

When cut it will retract like a string under tension.

A tube is usually needed to divert blood flow while repair is odne.

25
Q

What is an arterial psuedoaneurysm?

A

This is where an artery is punctured by mistake.

Either as an accident during intravenous drug use or laterogenically

26
Q

Diabetic foot features

A
  • Ischeamic
  • Neuropathic
  • Infected

End stage - charcot foot

27
Q

Arterial vessel problems depending on size of vessel

A

Large vessels:

  • Aneurysm
  • Dissection

Medium vessels:

  • Stenosis
  • Occlusion
  • Broken

Small vessels:

  • Vasospasm
  • Diabetic

All sizes:

  • Vasculitis
  • Pseudoaneurysm
28
Q

Veins have many anastomoses. What does this mean for occlusion?

A

Occlusion isn’t so bad and it is easy for blood to redirect

29
Q

There is no heart in the foot lol

How does blood return to the heart?

A
  • Muscle pumps - each time you walk your muscles contract acting as a pump
  • Thoracic pump action during respiration
  • Gravity – lying down, elevating leg
  • Right heart function

All of this requires functioning competent valves to stop blood flowing back when these conditions aren’t met

30
Q

What is the symptom of venous hypertension?

Think about starling mechanism

A

Build up of fluid in the legs

Leads to itchy fragile skin which can ulcerate - particularly around the shins

31
Q

Two ways venous return fails?

A
  • Failure of muscle pump due to immobility of muscle wastage
  • Failure of valves
32
Q

What are varicose veins?

What is the difference between deep and superficial?

A

Failure of the valves int he veins

If superficial this isn’t really a problem as they don’t carry much blood. Can fix for cosmetic reasons

If deep can lead to venous hypertension

33
Q

Treatment for venous hypertension

A
  • Emoliant for cracked skin
  • Graduated stockings - pressure decreases as you move up leg encouraging fluid upwards - different to TED stiockings
  • Elevation
  • Mobilisation
34
Q

Treatments for varicose veins

A

Superficial veins:

  • Endothermal ablation - burning form the inside
  • Surgical removal
  • Foam sclerotherapy
  • Adhesive occlusion - block them with glue
  • Compression

Deep veins:

  • Compression
35
Q

What can DVT lead to deep varacose veins?

A
36
Q

What is thrombolysis?

A

Is a treament for DVT.

Afterwards you can hold veins open with a stent. But the problem is blood can now flow back leading to venous hypertension

37
Q

Liver failure and venous hypertension?

A

Portal system drains from digestive system into liver.

With liver disease portal hypertension develops.

Portal system therefore divert into systemic drainage via anastomoses and these anastomoses can become varices.

38
Q

What is lymphoedema?

A

Witht he starling mechanism you will notice that the pressure out of the arterial side is 10mmHg but the pressure in on the venous side is 9mmHg. This leads to some fluid being retained which is picked up by the lymphatic capillaries then intot he nodes then finally drained back via the thoracic duct.

If the lymphatic system is damaged this leads to build up of fluid - lymoedema.

39
Q

Way the lymphatic system can get damaged leading to lymoedema?

A
  • Congenitally
  • Post surgically (lymphatic surgery for cancer)
  • Post radio therepy
  • From infection - filariasis
40
Q

How can kidney damage lead to oedema?

A
  • Colloid osmotic pressure (COP) is the osmotic pressure exerted into the vessles by large molecules (proteins)
  • Renal failure can lead to low protein states causing a drop in osmotic pressure and hence oedema
41
Q

How can inflammation lead to oedema?

A

Inflamation causes vasocodialation at arteriole level.

As there is now more fluid going in the drainage can’t keep up leading to odeama

42
Q

How can right ventricular failure lead to peripheral oedema?

A

Central venous presure rises eventually leading to a rise in peripheral venous pressure leading to peripheral oedema

43
Q

Summary of causes of oedema and varices

A

Venous hypertension:

  • From valve failure - varicose veins, post DVT
  • Immobility - not getting muscle pumped
  • Liver failure - portal overload leads to systemic anasomoses overload - presents abdominal surface or in osephagus
  • Right ventricular failure

Lymphatic - congenital, post cancer treatment or infection

Osmotic - kidney failure

Baz: Semester 2 (42 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions