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Baz: Semester 2 > Integrity: Microorganisms > Flashcards

Integrity: Microorganisms Flashcards

1
Q

How is the microbiomb involved in energy biosythesis?

A

Is is essential for the breakdown of resistant starch into SCFAs (short chain fatty acids)

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2
Q

What are short chain fatty acids used for?

A

SCFAs are the main energy source for enterocytes

They also have anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory properties

They stimulate satiety through production of protein YY

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3
Q

WHat are enterocytes?

A

Epithelial cells of the intestines

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4
Q

How does the microbiombe protect from pathogenic bacteria

A

It out competes any pathogenic bacteria

Some can also produce bacteriocins which directly kill salmonella, clostridium and listeria

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5
Q

How does the microbiombe interact with the nervous system?

A

Certain compounds formt he nervous system such a noradrenaline can actually affect the composition of the microbiombe

In turn the microbiombe can produce neurological compounds such a GABA

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6
Q

How is the microbiombe involves in bile acid production?

A

It can synthesis primary bile acids synthesised from cholesterol by the liver into secondary bile salts imporatants for many things including encouraging the release of insulin.

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7
Q

How does the microbiombe differ in obese people to lean people?

A

Lean: Higher proportion of Bacteroidetes

Obese: Higher proportion of Firmicutes

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8
Q

How does the microbiombe become altered in IBS?

A

Some bacteria are decreased:
Firmicutes, some Clostridium species

Some bacteria are increased:
Enterobacteriaceae, including E.Coli
Facultative anaerobes

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9
Q

What is helicobacter pylori?

A

Helicobacter pylori can be found attached to the gastric mucosa

It is a chronic infection which leads to inflammation, gastritis and even stomach cancer

Eradication is a good idea

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10
Q

How might the microbiombe be thought of as a treatment for Clostridioides Difficile infection?

A

C. Diff occurs after antibiotic treament as it is resistant to many antibiotics therefore blooms easily in a neutralised microbiomb.

It is shown that a faecal microbiota transplant can actually help treat C. Diff by reintroducing a healthy microbiomb.

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11
Q

4 common causes of community infection that are likely to come up in exams

A

Uropathogenic Escherichia coli
Neisseria meningitidis
Staphylococcus aureus
Streptocococus pneumoniae

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12
Q

Staphylococcus aureus can infect in two areas, what are these?

A

Superficial ( e.g. skin and soft tissue) infections
AND
Deep seated infections (bacteraemia, endocarditis, osteomyelitis)

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13
Q

If there is an ulcer what could it be?

A

Staphylococcus aureus

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14
Q

Is Staphylococcus aureus community or hospital aquired?

A

Both

Can be community but also

  • Leading cause of Surgical site infections
  • Other hospital acquired infections e.g. bacteraemias
  • MRSA through acquisition of resistance genes
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15
Q

Is Staphylococcus aureus gram positive or gam negative?

A

Gram positive

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16
Q

Pink/Purple Positive/Negative?

A

Purple: positive

Pink: negative

17
Q
A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

18
Q

Is Streptococcus pneumoniae gram pos/neg

A

Gram positive

19
Q

Where is Streptococcus pneumoniae a coloniser, and infection or invasive?

A
20
Q

What is bacteraemia?

A

Bacteria in the blood

21
Q

E. coli is gram ____

A

Negative

22
Q

E. coli is ____ shaped

A

Rod

23
Q

Where is E. coli a coloniser?

A

In our gut microbimob

24
Q

What is a common cause of urinary tract infection?

A

Uropathogenic E. Coli

25
Q

WHat is a glass test used for?

A

Neisseria meningitidis

You see if a rash fades under pressure, if it does not indicates meningitis

26
Q

Neisseria meningitidis is gram ___

A

Negative

27
Q

Neisseria meningitidis is ____ shaped

A

Cocci

28
Q

Neisseria meningitidis causes what?

A

Meningitis and septicaemia

29
Q

How does Neisseria meningitidis get to the C.S.F (Cerebrospinal fluid)

A
30
Q

Common hospital aqquired pathogens

A
  • Pneumonia- S. pneumoniae initially but also Gram negative bacteria
  • Surgical site infections- S. aureus including MRSA but also other pathogens
  • Urinary tract infections- E. coli but also other pathogens e.g. proteus etc.
  • C. difficile infections- loss of microbiome in bowel.
31
Q

What is an obligate pathogen?

A

One that is dependent on disease causation for transmission and evolutionary survival

32
Q

What is this?

A

Lesions on the valve of the heart cause by a
staphylococcus aureus vegitation

A vegitation is where a bacteria invades and attaches to a thrombus

33
Q

Why does staphylococcus aureus often cause vegetations?

A

One of it’s viralance factors is pro coagulation

34
Q

Why sort of viralance factors does Streptococcus pneumoniae utilise?

A

They tend to promote caughing symtoms so that it can spread. They also promote mucous formation as this is a good envronment to live in

35
Q

Why is E. coli a common cause of UTIs?

A

One of it’s virulence factors is flagellum which allow it to adher to and move up the urinary tract

36
Q

If a skin condition blisters is the likely cause bacterial, fungal or viral?

A

Viral

e.g. herpes, genital warts, small pox, chicken pox

37
Q

What does elevated c-reactive protein in the blood show?

A

It is a product of inflammation, particularly chronic inflammation

38
Q

A 3-month-old baby presents with reduced feeding, mild fever, respiratory distress (evidenced by the
increased respiratory rate and subcostal and intercostal recession), and wheezing.

What is the most likely causal pathogen?

A

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)

Given the clinical presentation and
age, the most likely diagnosis is bronchiolitis.

Bronchiolitis is a common viral lower respiratory tract infection affecting infants and young children. It typically presents with symptoms of a cold (coryza) followed by increased work of breathing and wheezing.

The most common causative organism of bronchiolitis is Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV).
RSV is the most frequent cause of bronchiolitis in infants. While other viruses such as rhinovirus, adenovirus, and coronavirus can also cause bronchiolitis, RSV is the most prevalent, especially in the winter months

Baz: Semester 2 (42 decks)

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