Gait

Question 1

Gait cycle

Answer 1

Ipsilateral heel contact to next ipsilateral heel contact, one stride

Question 2

Cadence

Answer 2

Walking speed (norm. 110/min)

Question 3

Eccentric Contraction

Answer 3

Muscle lengthening under load

Power absorbed by the muscle

Question 4

Concentric Contraction

Answer 4

Muscle shortening under load

Power is generated by the muscle

Question 5

Functional Elements of Gait

Answer 5

Progression

Standing/walking stablity

Locomotor Unit

Passenger Unit

Question 6

Energy Conservation

Answer 6

Maximized by attenuating CoG linear translation and substituting momentum for muscle action

Question 7

Stance Phase

Answer 7

Period from initial contact of foot to the ground until that foot leaves the ground

Average 60% of the gait cycle

Includes
Heel strike
Loading response
Midstance
Push off

Question 8

Swing Phase

Answer 8

Period from when foot leaves the ground until that foot contacts the ground again

Average 40% of the gait cycle

Initial Swing - acceleration of limb forward
Mid-Swing - limb under CoG and flexed for toe clearance
Terminal Swing- deceleration of forward limb motion

Question 9

Double Support

Answer 9

Period from initial contact from one side until the foot on the other side leaves the ground

Occurs twice- first and last 10% of the gait cycle

Double support time is directly and inversely proportional to cadence, as cadence increases, double support time decreases

Question 10

Location of GRF/TBF relative to joints at heel strike, function

Answer 10

Ahead of hip

Behind knee

Behind ankle

Shock absorption, attenuation and deceleration of CoG. Hip extensors act to stabilize the HAT during acceleration

Question 11

Muscle action at heel strike

Answer 11

Hip - isometric contraction of extensor group (G. max, Hams)

Knee - eccentric contraction of extensor group (quads)

Ankle - eccentric contraction of dorsiflexors (tibialis anterior)

Question 12

Location of GRF/TBF relative to joints at foot flat, function

Answer 12

Ahead of hip

Behind knee

Through ankle

Shock absorption, attenuation, and deceleration of CoG

Question 13

Muscle action at foot flat

Answer 13

Hip - concentric contraction of extensor group (Gluteus Max, Hamstrings)

Knee - eccentric contraction of extensor group (Quads)

Ankle - muscle groups and moments switch to plantarflexors

Question 14

Location of GRF/TBF relative to joints at midstance, function

Answer 14

Through Hip (sagittal), lateral to hip (frontal)

Behind knee (sagittal)

Ahead of ankle (sagittal)

Attenuation of CoG displacement

Question 15

Muscle action at midstance

Answer 15

Hip - eccentric then concentric contraction of hip abductors (gluteus medius)

Knee- concentric contraction of extensor group (Quads), gradually replaced by Triceps Surae

Ankle - eccentric contraction of plantar flexors (tricpes surae)

Question 16

Location of GRF/TBF relative to joints at Push Off, Function

Answer 16

Behind the hip

Ahead of the knee

Ahead of the ankle

Function
Forward propulsion and acceleration of CoG
Hip stabilizes HAT during acceleration

Question 17

Muscle action at push-off

Answer 17

Hip - concentric contraction by the hip flexors

Knee - maximum extension at heel off, then begins flexing, concentric contraction

Ankle - concentric contraction of triceps surae

Question 18

Location of GRF/TBF relative to joints at Swing phase, Function

Answer 18

Not touching ground, therefore no GRF/TBF line

Function - Ensure adequate toe clearance, propel swing limb forward, ready the limb for weight acceptance

Question 19

Muscle action at swing of hip

Answer 19

Hip
Early swing - concentric contraction of hip flexors accelerating limb forward
Late swing - eccentric contraction decelerates it by using the hip flexors (illiopsoas) and the hip extensors (g.max, hams) respectively

Question 20

Muscle action at swing of knee

Answer 20

Knee
Early swing - eccentric contraction of knee extensors prevents excessive heel rise
Late swing - eccentric contraction of flexor group (Hams) assists in decelerating swing limb

Question 21

Muscle action at swing of ankle

Answer 21

Ankle
Early swing- concentric contraction of dorsiflexors ensures toe clearance
Late swing- isometric contraction as limb readies itself for weight acceptance

Question 22

Functions of Orthoses

Answer 22

i) Stabilize
ii) Correct/Prevent/Support Deformity
iii) Exercise
iv) Control or Limit Joint ROM
v) Transmission of Motor Functions
vi) Compensate for Deformity
vii) Reduction of Heat Loss

Question 23

Heel Rocker refers to what phases of gait

Answer 23

Loading Response to Midstance

Question 24

Ankle Rocker refers to what phases of gait

Answer 24

Midstance to Terminal Stance

Question 25

Forefoot Rocker refers to what phases of gait

Answer 25

Terminal Stance to Preswing