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Biology > Populations And Sustainability > Flashcards

Populations And Sustainability Flashcards

1
Q

What is a limiting factor in terms of population growth?

A

Environmental resource or constraint that limits population growth

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2
Q

Give an example of a limiting factor of population growth

A

Food availability

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3
Q

What are the 3 main stages of a population growth curve? Explain them

A

Phase 1. Slow growth
Small group of individuals reproducing but birthrate > death rate so population grows

Phase 2. Rapid growth
Breeding individuals increases and no constraints act to limit population increase

Phase 3. Stable state
Further growth is prevented by external constraints, population fluctuates but is relatively stable birth rate = death rate

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4
Q

What is phase 3 of the population growth curve known as?

A

Carrying capacity of a population

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5
Q

List 4 abiotic limiting factors affecting population growth

A
  1. Light
  2. PH
  3. Water availability/ oxygen availability
  4. Humidity
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6
Q

List 3 biotic limiting factors affecting population growth

A
  1. Predators
  2. Disease
  3. Competition
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7
Q

What is the definition of carrying capacity?

A

The maximum population size that an environment can support

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8
Q

Define Immigration

A

Immigration is the movement of individual organisms INTO a particular area that INCREASES population size

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9
Q

What is an example of a organism that Immigrate

A

Christmas islands red crabs move from forest to shore to reproduce

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10
Q

Define Emigration

A

The movement of individual organisms AWAY from a particular area DECREASES population size

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11
Q

Give an example of Emigration

A

The Norway lemming emigrates away from areas of high population density of poor habitat

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12
Q

What is a density independent factor ?

A

Factors that have an effects on the whole population regardless of its size

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13
Q

What are the 4 density independent factors?

A

Earthquakes, fires, volcanic eruptions and storms

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14
Q

Is competition abiotic or biotic limiting factor?

A

BIOTIC - it is an interaction of living organisms

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15
Q

What is interspecific competition?

A

Competition between different species

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16
Q

What is intraspecific competition?

A

Competition between members of the same species

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17
Q

When does interspecific competition occur?

A

Interspecific competition occurs when two of more different species of organism compete for the same resource

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18
Q

What is the competitive exclusion principle?

A

When in interspecific competition, the species that use the resource more effectively will eliminate the other species

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19
Q

Give an example of interspecific competition

A

Red and grey squirrels - grey squirrels have a larger range of diet

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20
Q

When does intraspecific competition occur?

A

When members of the same species are competing for the same resource

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21
Q

What does the availability of resources determine in intraspecific competition?

A

The size of the population

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22
Q

What does intraspecific competition result in for species?

A

Fluctuations in the number of organisms in the population

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23
Q

Describe the 3 stages of the intraspecific competition graph

A

Stage 1 - increase
Resource is plentiful and all organism have enough to serve and reproduce

Stage 2 - decrease
As the population has decreased there are more individuals to share the resource so it is limited and not enough for everyone to survive

Stage 3 - increase
Less competition in smaller population so more organism survive and reproduce (cycle)

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24
Q

What time of competition is predation?

A

Interspecific as it operates between two different species

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25
Q

Describe and explain the 4 stages of predator-prey relationship graph

A

Stage 1 - increase in prey population provide more food for predators (after a short delay) predator population increase

Stage 2 - increased predator population causes a fall in prey population so death > birth rate of prey

Stage 3 - reduced prey population no longer supports increased predator population so decrease in predator population

Stage 4 - reduced predator numbers result in less prey being killed so they reproduce and survive

Cycle repeats again

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26
Q

Is the predator prey graph representative of in the wild?

A

NO other factors such as food availability for prey, other predators or seasonal changes will also have an impact on

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27
Q

What is the definition of conservation?

A

Maintenance of biodiversity through human action or management

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28
Q

Conservation involves the management of ecosystems so natural resources can be used without running out, what is this called?

A

Sustainable development

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29
Q

Give an example of conservation

A

The forest stewardship council ensures that their tumbler supply is sustainable

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30
Q

What is reclamation conservation?

A

Th process f restoring ecosystems that have been damaged or destroyed

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31
Q

What is the definition of preservation?

A

The protection of an area by restriction of banning human interference so an ecosystem is kept in its original state

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32
Q

What sites are often preservation sites? And what isn’t allowed here

A

Archaeologiclly paleontological and ecological sites

No visitation is allowed

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33
Q

What are examples of preserved habitats?

A

Nature reserves and marine conservation

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34
Q

What is the economic importance of conservation? Give an example

A

To continue providing resources that humans need to survive
E.g rainforest supply medicinal drugs

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35
Q

What is the social importance of conservation? Give an example

A

Many people enjoy the natural beauty of wild ecosystems

E.g birdwatching, cycling, walking

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36
Q

What is the ethical importance of conservation?

A

All organisms have a right to to exist as well as play a role in their ecosystem

We also have a moral responsibility for future generations

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37
Q

What has occurred due to exploitation of environmental resources due to human demand?

A

Destruction of ecosystem, reduction in biodiversity and depletion of resources

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38
Q

What is a sustainable resource?

A

Renewable resource that is being economically exploited in such a way that it will not diminish or run out of

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39
Q

What are the 5 aims of sustainability?

A
  1. Preserve environment
  2. Ensure resources are available for future generations
  3. Allow humans in all societies to live comfortably
  4. Enable LICs to develop through natural resources
  5. Creates a balance in consumption of resources between HICs and LICs
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40
Q

What technique is used for sustainable small scale timber production?

A

Coppicing is used

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41
Q

What is coppicing?

A

Tree trunk is cut close to the ground and new shoots form from the surface and mature

42
Q

What is rotational coppicing?

A

When a woodland is divided into sections and trees are only cut in a particular section until all have been coppicing

43
Q

What is pollarding?

A

Same technique as coppicing but trunk is cut higher up so deer and other animals cannot eat the new shoots

44
Q

How do companies ensure that large scale timber production is sustainable?

A
  1. Selective cutting only the largest trees
  2. Replace trees through replanting
  3. Plant trees apart to reduce competition
  4. Manage pests and pathogens
  5. Ensure that areas of forest remain for indigenous people
45
Q

What technique is used for large scale timber production?

A

Felling - trees are destroyed and will not regrow

46
Q

What is a major disadvantage of felling?

A

Habitats are destroyed and soil minerals are reduced susceptible to erosion

47
Q

What has lead to overfishing?

A

Increased population

48
Q

What has overfishing caused?

A

Depletion of fish populations that can no longer regenerate

49
Q

What has been done to overcome overfishing?

A

International agreements about the number of fish that can be caught - known as fishing quotas

50
Q

What 3 techniques have also been used alongside quotas - to stop overfishing?

A
  1. Nets with different mesh sizes so immature fish can escape
  2. Commercial and recreation fishing restriction to certain times of year to allow breeding seasons undisrupted
  3. Fish farming to maintain supply
51
Q

Where is the Masai Mara National Reserve (MMNR)?

A

Located in southern Kenya

52
Q

When was the MMNR established as a wildlife sanctuary?

A

1961

53
Q

Describe the MMNR ecosystem

A

The ecosystem is mainly savannah with the Mara river running through which is surrounded by fertile grasslands and woodland

Lots of wild animals: buffalo, elephants, leopards, lions, rhinos

Previously landscape was dominated but acacia trees

54
Q

Why were acacia trees removed by the government?

A

They were habitat to the fly carrier of sleeping sickness bug

55
Q

What other factors have reduced the presence of acacia trees in MMNR?

A

Elephants, fire and cattle grazing

56
Q

How was grazing traditionally done by the Masai Mara?

A

Tribes would frequently move based on climates and existence of tsetse flies - allowing vegetation time to recover when farmers moved

57
Q

How is grazing controlled now in the MMNR? And what is the impact of this on the environment?

A

Grazing is limited to the areas on the edge of the reserve as local tribes are prevented form entering

This means that large herds graze the areas on the outskirts of the savannah so more vegetation is removed and soil erosions increases

58
Q

Cultivation has increased in the Masai Mara region in recent years, what are the consequences of this?

A

Grassland is converted into crop land so natural vegetation is removed and soil nutrient are used up and not replenished
This results in the reliance on synthetic fertilisers for effective crop growth

59
Q

What is ecotourism?

A

Tourism aimed toward natural environments to support conservation efforts and observe wildlife
It is a form of sustainable development rescuing impact of tourism on the environment

60
Q

What are the 3 key principles of ecotourism?

A
  1. Ensure that tourism does not exploit natural environment or local communities
  2. Consult local communities
  3. Ensure infrastructure benefits locals not just tourists
61
Q

What are the negative impacts of ecotourism?

A

Repeated use of hiking trails or mechanised transport may contribute to soil erosion

62
Q

How does the MMNR play a role in conservation of endangered species?

A

The black rhino is critically endangered and lives in the MMNR

Stopping illegal poaching by employing park rangers and equipment to defer poachers

63
Q

Name 3 research projects occurring in the Masai Mara region

A
  1. Michigan university studying behaviour of hyenas
  2. Cheetah project which monitors cheetah population and impact of human activity
  3. Mare predator project which monitors lion populations in the region
64
Q

What are some mechanisms in place to allow human activity to occur in balance with wildlife?

A
  1. Fences around crop to prevent elephants trampling
  2. Legal hunting to cull excess animals
  3. Increase in built environments as population increases
65
Q

Where is the Terai region?

A

Located in Nepal along the border with India

66
Q

Describe the ecosystem of the Terai

A

Fertile land which is the main agricultural site of the region

Hot and humid in summer months of is composted of fertile soil

Extreme biodiversity lots of subtropical plants

67
Q

Why has the Terai area been cleared? And what are the consequences of this?

A

For agriculture and timber production

The consequences mean the effects of monsoon flooding have increased causing severe disruption to communities

68
Q

What is the aim of sustainable forest management in Nepal?

A

Provide a livelihood for locals, conserve the forest and provide income for the state

69
Q

How is sustainable forestry in Nepal being managed?

A

Local community forestry groups which set their own rules and regulations and price of produce

70
Q

What has been the successes for community forestry groups?

A

Soil quality has improved, biodiversity has been secured, increase in price of produce means more economic beenfit to region

71
Q

What are the management strategies used by the Terai to maintain sustainable land use?

A
  1. Cropping crops that can survive in a range of soil and environment
  2. Improved irrigation systems
  3. Growth of nitrogen fixing crops such as pulses and legumes to enhance fertility of soil
72
Q

What are environmentally sensitive ecosystems?

A

Regions that are less resistant to environmental change

73
Q

What 5 techniques are used to maintain environmentally sensitive areas?

A
  1. Limiting areas to tourists
  2. Controlling movement of livestock
  3. Introducing anti poaching measure
  4. Replants of forests and native plants
  5. Limitation of hunting
74
Q

What is a peat bog?

A

Region of wet, spongy ground that contains decomposing vegetation

75
Q

What does undisturbed peatland act as?

A

A carbon sink - meaning it stores carbon dioxide

76
Q

Once dried, what is a use of peat?

A

Peat can be used as fuel - it releases thermal energy and carbon dioxide

77
Q

Why is preserving peat bogs important to climate change?

A

Maintaining peat bogs will prevent the release of green house gas carbon dioxide into the atmosphere

78
Q

What is a commercial use of peat?

A

In commercial soil for farmers and gardeners

It has moisture retaining qualities and stops excess water killing roots

79
Q

When does peat form?

A

When plant material is inhibited from fully decaying by acidic and anaerobic conditions

80
Q

What kind of peat bogs are a threatened habitat? How much have they declined in 100 years?

A

Lowland peat bogs - have diminished over 90% in 100 years

81
Q

What is it essential that lowland raised peat bogs are conserved?

A

To maintain biodiversity, flood management, erosion and carbon storage

82
Q

What has caused decline in peat bogs?

A

Afforestation, peat extraction and agriculture

83
Q

What is needed to conserve lowland bogs?

A

Maintain or restore appropriate water levels

84
Q

List 3 steps taken to conserve areas of lowland bog

A
  1. Ensure bog surface is undisturbed and as wet as possible
  2. Removal of seedling trees from that area
    (Transpiration means they will remove lots of water from the area)
  3. Controlled grazing to maintain biodiversity
85
Q

Where is the Galapagos island?

A

Located in the Pacific Ocean, west of Ecuador

86
Q

Who used the Galapagos to develop the theory of evolution by natural selection?

A

Darwin

87
Q

What animals live in the Galapagos?

A

Majority of land animals are reptiles

Only species of land mammal is the Galapagos rice rat

Galapagos giant tortoise

Flightless cormorant - small wings better for fishing underwater

Marine iguana who has advantageous mutation to swim effectively

88
Q

What plans are present in each region of the Galapagos [3]

A
  1. Coastal zone containing salt tolerant plants (mangrove)
  2. Arid zone contains drought tolerant plants (cacti)
  3. Humid zone contains dense cloud forest (lots of mosses)
89
Q

What disturbed the fragile Galapagos environment in the 19th century?

A

The Whaling trade - domestic animals roaming loose, trees used for fire wood and the burning of whale fat

90
Q

When was the Galapagos nation park established?

A

1959

91
Q

What 4 measure have been taken to protect the Galapagos?

A
  1. Park rangers
  2. Limitations to human access
  3. Control of migration to and from the islands
  4. Controls of movement of introduced animals
92
Q

What do animals living in the Antarctic rely on to insulate themselves from the cold?

A

Thick layers of blubber - penguins, whales and seals

93
Q

What is the only warm-blooded animal remaining in the Antarctic during the winter?

A

Emperor penguin

94
Q

What plants grow in the Antarctic?

A

Plants can only grow in ice - free regions
Theses tend to be lichens and moss

95
Q

What impact has human activity had to Antarctica?

A
  1. Global warming
  2. Hunting of whales and seals is depleting populations
  3. Soil contamination around research stations
  4. Waste being disposed into the ocean
96
Q

What is the Antarctic treaty and what does it contain?

A

1961 treats to protect to Antarctic continent
- protection of environment
- conversation of plants and animals
- management of tourism
- international agreement

97
Q

Where is snowdonia and what is its landscape?

A

Snowdonia is located in north-western wales and contains the highest mountain range in England and wales

98
Q

What wildlife is present in snowdonia?

A

A wide range of birds are present

99
Q

What plants are present In snowdonia?

A

Woodland of oak, elm, snowdonia lily and arctic alpines

100
Q

What are the purposes of the snowdonia national park created in 1951? [2]

A
  1. Conserve and enhance national beauty and wildlife
  2. Enhance economic and social wellbeing of communities within the park
101
Q

What is the dinorwig power station? What impact does this have?

A

Hydroelectric power station built to meet demands or energy requirement
It was building inside a cave to minimise effect on environment

Biology (26 decks)

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