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Biology > Commincable Diseas - Module 4 > Flashcards

Commincable Diseas - Module 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a communicable disease and what causes it?

A

A communicable disease is an infectious/contagious disease caused by pathogens

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2
Q

What are the 4 types of pathogens?

A
  1. Bacteria
  2. Virus
  3. Fungi
  4. Protist
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3
Q

How do virus’ damage cell host?

A

Virus takes over the metabolism and the viral DNA is inserted into the host DNA - making more virus which will eventually burst out the cell destroying it

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4
Q

How do protists damage the host cell?

A

Protists digest the contents of the cell as they reproduce

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5
Q

How do bacteria damage host tissues?

A

Produce toxins that cause disease

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6
Q

What is ring rot? Which pathogen causes it?

A

Ring rot, bacterial disease, damages leaves, tubers and fruit of potatoes and tomatoes

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7
Q

What is TMV? What pathogen causes it?

A

Tobacco mosaic virus, TMV, a virus
Damages leaves, flowers and fruit as it stunts growth

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8
Q

What is potato blight? What pathogen causes it?

A

Potato blight, affecting tomatoes and potatoes, is caused by a fungus

The hyphae destroy leaves and tubers

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9
Q

What is black Sigatoka? What pathogen causes is?

A

Black Sigatoka is a fungal banana disease
The hyphae turns the leaves black, reducing yield of bananas

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10
Q

What is TB? And what pathogen causes it?

A

Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial disease
Damages lung tissues and suppresses immune system

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11
Q

Is TB preventable?

A

Yes - there is a vaccine

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12
Q

Is TB treatable?

A

Yes - there is antibiotics

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13
Q

What is bacterial meningitis? What pathogen causes it?

A

Bacterial meningitis is a bacterial infection of the membrane of the brain

Causes blood poisoning resulting in rapid death

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14
Q

What are the symptoms of bacterial meningitis?

A

Blotchy red rash that does not disappear when a glass is pressed on it

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15
Q

Is bacterial meningitis preventable?

A

Yes - there is a vaccine

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16
Q

Is bacterial meningitis curable?

A

Yes there are antibiotics

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17
Q

What is HIV/AIDS? And what pathogen causes it?

A

HIV is caused by a virus

It destroys the immune system leaving sufferers vulnerable to other diseases

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18
Q

Is HIV/AIDS preventable?

A

Safe practices; protected sex, don’t share needles, don’t contaminate blood

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19
Q

Is HIV/AIDS curable?

A

No - there is no vaccine but anti-retroviral drugs slow the progression of the disease

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20
Q

What is influenza? What pathogen causes it?

A

Influenza is a viral infection

It destroys ciliated epithelial cells leaving airways open to infection

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21
Q

What is malaria? What pathogen causes it?

A

Malaria is caused by the protoctist plasmodium

And it is transferred by mosquitoes (vector)
It invades blood cells, liver and brain and it makes people weak and vulnerable to other infections

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22
Q

Is malaria preventable?

A

There is no vaccine but to control malaria the vectors need to be controlled through mosquito nets, insectasides

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23
Q

What is ring worm? What pathogen causes it?

A

Ring worm is a fungal disease

Causes crusty infection areas of skin

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24
Q

How is ring worm cured?

A

Antifungal creams

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25
Q

What is athletes foot and which pathogen causes it?

A

Athletes foot is a fungal disease, a form of human ring worm

Causes itchy and sore areas between he toes

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26
Q

How is athletes foot cured?

A

Antifungal creams

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27
Q

What is direct transmission?

A

When a pathogen is transferred directly from one individual to another

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28
Q

Describe the 3 ways of direct transmission

A
  1. Direct contact
    Kissing, exchange of bodily fluids, skin to skin contact
  2. Inoculation
    Break in the skin, animal bite, puncture wound (sharing needles)
  3. Ingestion
    Contaminated food or drink
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29
Q

What is indirect transmission?

A

Where a pathogen travels between individuals indirectly

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30
Q

Describe the 3 ways of indirect transmission

A
  1. Fomites
    Bedding, socks, cosmetics being shared
  2. Droplet infection (inhalation)
    Coughing, sneezing particles then being breathed in
  3. Vectors
    Something that transmits communicable disease (mosquitoes)
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31
Q

Can communicable disease be passed between human and animals?

A

YES - bird flu

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32
Q

What factors affect the probability of catching communicable disease?

A
  1. Overcrowded living conditions
  2. Poor nutrition
  3. Compromised immune system
  4. Infrastructure
  5. Socioeconomic factors (lack of trained healthcare workers)
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33
Q

What is direct transmission in plants?

A

Direct contact of a healthy plant with any part of a diseased plant

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34
Q

Describe the two ways of indirect transmission in plants?

A
  1. Soil contamination
    Infected plants leave pathogens or spores in soil infecting next crop to be planted there
  2. Vectors
    Wind carrying spores, water, animals, humans
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35
Q

What factors affect the chances of plants being infected with communicable disease?

A
  1. Planting crops susceptible to disease
  2. Over crowding
  3. Poor mineral and nutrition
  4. Damp and warm conditions (increase survival and spread of pathogens)
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36
Q

Why do plants not heal diseased tissues?

A

They are continually growing and meristems can replace damaged parts

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37
Q

What is Callose and what does it do?

A

Callose is a polysaccharide that is deposited between cell wall and cell membrane, plasmodesmata and phloem to stop pathogen entering cells around infection site

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38
Q

How do plants respond to pathogens?

A

Plants respond rapidly through receptors stimulating release of signalling molecules triggering a response

39
Q

Name and describe some of the chemical defences used by plants

A
  1. Insect repellants such as pine resin and citronella
  2. Antibacterial compounds such as phenols
  3. Antifungals such as chitinases enzymes which break down chitin cell wall of fungi
  4. Anti-oomycetes such as glutamates that break down polymers in cell walls of oomyceters
40
Q

List the main 3 barriers keeping pathogens out of the body

A
  1. Skin
  2. Body tracts are lined with mucous membranes trapping microorganisms
  3. Lysosomes and stomach acid
41
Q

What are expulsion reflexes and what do they do?

A

Coughs and sneezes, vomiting and diarrhoea

All expel pathogens from gas exchange system/gut

42
Q

What is the role of thromboplastin?

A

An enzyme that triggers the formation of a blood clot

43
Q

What is the role of serotonin?

A

Makes smooth muscle in blood vessels contract so they reduce blood flow to damaged area

44
Q

How is inflammation characterised?

A

Pain, heat, swelling and redness

45
Q

When damaged tissues activate mast cells, what do they do?

A

Release histamines and cytokine chemicals

46
Q

What is the role of histamines? [2]

A

Cause blood vessel dilate causing redness and heat stopping pathogen reproducing due to temperature

Make blood vessel walls leaky so plasma is forced out as tissue fluid causing swelling and pain

47
Q

What is the role of cytokines?

A

Attracts phagocytes to the area to dispose of pathogens

48
Q

How do fevers get rid of pathogens?

A

Cytokines stimulate hypothalamus to increase bodily temperature so pathogen can’t reproduce and specific immune system works faster at a higher temperature

49
Q

What do phagocytes do?

A

Engulf and destroy pathogens

50
Q

What are the two type of phagocyte?

A
  1. Neutrophil (multi-lobed nucleus)
  2. Macrophage (round nuclei)
51
Q

Describe to stages of phagocytosis

A
  1. Pathogens produce chemical attracting phagocytes
  2. Phagocytes recognise pathogen as non-self
  3. Phagocyte engulfs pathogen - phagosome
  4. Phagosome and lysosome combine - phagolysosome
  5. Digestive enzyme in lysosome digests pathogen
52
Q

What does a macrophage do following the normal process of phagocytosis?

A

It combines antigens from pathogen surface with glycoproteins in cytoplasm - forming the MHC (major histocompatibility complex)

MHC moves pathogen antigens to macorphages cell surface membrane - so it becomes an antigen presenting cell

53
Q

What is the role of the antigen presenting cell?

A

Stimulate cells involved in specific immune system response

54
Q

What are opsonins?

A

Type of antibody that bind to pathogens and tag them so they are more easily recognisable by phagocytes

55
Q

What are immunoglobulins?

A

Antibodies - Y shaped glycoproteins

56
Q

What do antibodies do?

A

Bind to specific antigens on pathogens or toxins triggered by immune response

57
Q

Describe the structure of an antibody

A
  1. Two long identical polypeptide chains - heavy chains
  2. Two shorter identical chains - light chains, form the variable region
  3. 2x antigen blinding sites
  4. Receptor binding site at bottom of heavy chains
  5. Hinge region to allow flexibility
58
Q

Why is hinge region on an antibody useful?

A

Allows the two binding sites to bind to two different antigens

59
Q

What holds the chains together in the structure of an antibody?

A

Disulphide bridges

60
Q

How do antibodies act as agglutinins?

A

Cause pathogens with antigen - antibody complexes to clump together

61
Q

What is formed when antibody binds to an antigen?

A

Antigen - antibody complex

62
Q

How do antibodies act as anti - toxins?

A

By binding to toxins, antigens make toxins harmless

63
Q

How does the antigen - antibody complex get engulfed by phagocyte easily?

A

Acts as an opsonin, signalling phagocytes to come to thee area

64
Q

Where do B lymphocytes mature?

A

In the bone marrow

65
Q

Where do T lymphocytes mature?

A

In the thymus gland

66
Q

What are lymphocytes?

A

White blood cells used in the specific immune system

67
Q

What are the 4 types of T lymphocytes?

A

T HELPER
T KILLER
T MEMORY
T REGULATOR

68
Q

What do T killer cells do?

A

Release perforin making membrane freely permeable

69
Q

What do T memory cells do?

A

Are a part of the immunological memory - if they meet an antigen a second time they ill divide rapidly into clones of T killer cells

70
Q

What are T regulator cells?

A

Suppress immune system to control it once a pathogen has been eliminated

71
Q

Why are T regulator cells so important?

A

So than an autoimmune system is not set up

72
Q

What do T helper cells do?

A

Using CD4 receptors on cell surface membranes, the bind to antigens on antigen presenting cells and produce interleukins to stimulate activity of B cells

73
Q

What are interleukins?

A

Type of cytokines that cell signal

74
Q

What are the 3 types of B lymphocytes?

A
  1. Plasma cells
  2. B effector cells
  3. B memory cells
75
Q

What do plasma cells do?

A

Produce and release particular antibodies

76
Q

What do B effector cells do?

A

Divide to form plasma cell clones

77
Q

What do B memory cells do?

A

Programmed to remember antigens and enable rapid response if reinfected

78
Q

Describe cell mediated immunity

A
  1. Macrophages become antigen presenting cells in the non specific defence system
  2. Receptors on T helper cells fit antigens and produce interleukins making more T cells, som becoming T helper that fit pathogen
  3. Cloned T cells may develop into; T memory cells, T killer cells, produce interleukins to stimulate phagocytosis or B cell division
79
Q

What does cell mediated immunity respond to?

A

Cells that have been changes; virus infection, mutation

80
Q

What does humoral immunity respond to?

A

Antigens found outside of cells like bacteria, fungi and antigen presenting cells

81
Q

Describe humoral immunity

A
  1. B cell with antibodies will bind and engulf to antigens on pathogen and become an APC
  2. Clonal expansion occurs - Activated T helper cell bind to B effector cell APC and interleukins (produced by T helper cell) activate B cell to divide and give clones of plasma cells and b memory cells
  3. Plasma cells produce antibodies - this is the primary response and may take a while to come into effect
  4. B cells develop into memory cells which will create the secondary immune response
82
Q

What is an auto immune disease?

A

When the body starts attacking health body tissue

83
Q

What are 3 common autoimmune diseases?

A
  1. Type 1 diabetes
  2. Rheumatoid arthritis
  3. Lupus
84
Q

What are non communicable diseases?

A

Diseases that cannot be passed from one person to another

85
Q

What are the two forms of natural immunity in the body?

A
  1. Natural active immunity e.g production of antibodies and memory cells
  2. Natural passive immunity e.g antibodies passed from a mother to baby through placenta or breast milk whilst it build its own immune system
86
Q

What is artificial passive immunity?

A

Temporary immunity where antibodies are taken from one individual and injected into the blood stream on another for potential fatal diseases e.g rabies and tetanus

87
Q

What is artificial active immunity?

A

When the immune system of the body is stimulated to make its own antibodies in the form of a vaccine

88
Q

Describe how vaccination works

A
  1. Pathogen is made safe
    Inactive/dead , weakened strai, genetically engineered antigens
  2. Small amounts of safe antigens injected into blood
  3. Primary immune system responds - producing antibodies and memory cells
  4. If a live pathogen is come into contact with immune system has memory cells to rapidly get rid of pathogen
89
Q

What is an epidemic?

A

Spread of communicable disease at a local or national level

90
Q

What is a pandemic?

A

When the same disease rapidly spreads across a number of countries and continents

91
Q

Describe some of the common medicines derived from living organisms

A
  1. Penicillin - antibiotic from mould
  2. Aspirin - painkiller from willow bark
  3. Digoxin - heart dug from foxgloves
92
Q

What is pharmacogenetics?

A

Using knowledge of drug action with personal genetic material so that the treatment you receive is personal T you

93
Q

What is synthetic biology?

A

Using genetic engineering to develop populations of drugs that would be rare, expensive or unavailable

94
Q

What is selective toxicity?

A

The ability of antibiotics to interfere with metabolism of bacteria but not of humacells

Biology (26 decks)

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