Manipulating Genomes - Module 6

Question 1

What is a genome of an organism?

Answer 1

All of the genetic material an organism contains

Question 2

What are exons?

Answer 2

DNA that codes

Question 3

What are introns?

Answer 3

Non-coding DNA

Question 4

What do restriction endonuclease do?

Answer 4

Cut strands of DNA into small fragments

Question 5

What is the use of PCR?

Answer 5

Multiplying the sample of DNA we have

Question 6

What are the uses of DNA profiling?

Answer 6

1. Forensic science
2. Determining paternity
3. Identifying people at risk of disease

Question 7

What is DNA sequencing?

Answer 7

Process determining the precise order of nucleotides in a DNA molecule

Question 8

What development in DNA sequencing led to automation of the process?

Answer 8

Changing from the use of radioactive labels to fluorescent tags

Question 9

What is the HGP?

Answer 9

The human genome project - undertaken by scientist across the word to sequence the DNA of a whole human

Question 10

What do terminator bases do?

Answer 10

They are modified venisons of ATCG that stop DNA synthesis when they are included

Question 11

What is high throughput sequencing? Or next generation sequencing?

Answer 11

A new fast method of sequencing (than Sanger method)

Millions of DNA fragments placed on a plastic flow slide and are replicated in situ using PCR and terminator bases are added to stop reaction and images are taken

Question 12

What are the advantages of high-throughput sequencing?

Answer 12

1. Cost effective
2. More genomes can be sequenced
3. Share new information with scientists

Question 13

What is bioinformatics (computational biology)?

Answer 13

The development of software and computing tools needed to organise and analyse raw biological data

Question 14

What can the data from computational biology be used to do?

Answer 14

Predict outcomes of different circumstances

Question 15

What is genomics?

Answer 15

The field of genetics using DNA sequencing and bioinformatics to analyse structure and function of genomes

Question 16

What affects our likelihood of developing certain diseases?

Answer 16

Genes working together with the environment

Question 17

What does sequencing pathogenic genomes enable?

Answer 17

1. Doctors to find source of an infection
2. Identifying antibiotic resistance bacteria
3. Tracking the progress of infectious disease (Ebola or flu)
4. Identifying regions in genome of pathogen that may be useful targets for new drugs

Question 18

What is DNA barcoding?

Answer 18

Identifying sections of DNA that are common to all species but vary between them to make comparisons

Question 19

What is used in animals for DNA barcoding?

Answer 19

Section of mitochondrial DNA in cytochrome c oxidase gene that codes for an enzyme in respiration

Question 20

What region is used in plants for DNA barcoding?

Answer 20

Region in the chloroplasts

Question 21

How can scientists calculate evolutionary relationships and how long ago two species diverged from a common ancestor?

Answer 21

Basic mutation rate of DNA can be calculated

Question 22

What is proteomics?

Answer 22

Study and amino acid sequencing of an organisms entire protein complement