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MCAT > Biology 2 > Flashcards

Biology 2 Flashcards

1
Q

which is NOT the function of the excretory system? and why?
- excrete liquid waste
- maintain blood pressure
- filter toxins from blood
- maintain blood osmolarity

A

filter toxins from blood; this is the job of the liver, which is not a part of the excretory system

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2
Q

what does aldosterone act on and what does it cause

A

acts on DISTAL convoluted tube and causes an increase in Na+/H2O reuptake

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3
Q

which hormone acts on the kidney in the renin-angiotensinogen pathway? what does this hormone cause?

A

aldosterone; causes an increase in blood pressure

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4
Q

true or false: as the diaphragm flexes, the volume of the chest decreases, resulting in exhalation

A

false: As the diaphragm contracts (or flexes), it moves downwards, increasing the volume of the chest cavity. This increase in volume decreases the pressure within the lungs, causing inhalation as air moves into the lungs to equalize the pressure with the surrounding atmosphere. Exhalation occurs when the diaphragm relaxes and moves back up, reducing the volume of the chest cavity.

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5
Q

which of these would decrease the affinity of hemoglobin to oxygen?
- increased blood pH
- decreased temperature
- increased 2-3 DPG
- decreased blood CO2

A

increased 2-3 DPG

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6
Q

what contains valves: arteries and veins?

A

veins

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7
Q

true or false: arteries have thin walls

A

false: they have thick walls

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8
Q

do arteries have high pressure or low pressure?

A

high

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9
Q

what is the order of electrical conduction in the heart?
AV node
Bundle of His
SA node
Purkinje fibers

A

SA node
AV node
Bundle of His
Purkinje fibers

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10
Q

what white blood cells have a long lifespan?

A

lymphocytes: they include memory cells

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11
Q

do neurons have the ability to replicate?

A

no

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12
Q

what do neurons use for energy?

A

glucose

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13
Q

what cell junction is present in an electrical synapse?

A

gap junction

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14
Q

true or false: sensory neurons are also known as afferent neurons

A

true

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15
Q

what junction is norepinephrine found at?
sympathetic or parasympathetic?
pre or post ganglionic

A

sympathetic postganglionic

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16
Q

which of these are exocrine glands?
- pituitary gland
- thyroid gland
- adrenal gland
- sebaceous gland

A

sebaceous gland

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17
Q

what is the function of prolactin

A

stimulate milk PRODUCTION

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18
Q

what hormone is needed for the stimulation of milk secretion?

A

oxytocin

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19
Q

what is the function of the kidney

A

excrete liquid and solute waste,
maintain: pH, osmolarity, and blood pressure

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20
Q

what are venules

A

smallest veins

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21
Q

what are capillaries

A

smallest vessels

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22
Q

which organs and cells does the nervous system have?

A

includes brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, neural support cells (astrocytes, Schwann cells, ependymal cells etc.) and sensory organs such as the eyes and ears

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23
Q

describe the neuron structure

A

it starts with the large part as the dendrites being the outside spiky parts and the middle is the cell body (there is nucleus in the middle of the cell body).
the axon hillock connects the cell body to the long part. the long part is covered by the myelin sheath which has the Schwann cell in the middle. each part of the myelin sheath is separated by the nodes of ranvier. the ending is known as the axon terminal

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24
Q

in the sodium potassium pump, how many Na+ go in/out and how many K+ go in/out

A

3 Na+ out of the cell and 2 K+ in the cell

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25
Q

what does the central nervous system include?

A

brain and spinal cord
interneurons only

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26
Q

what does the peripheral nervous system include

A

all neurons outside of CNS
both sensory and motor

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27
Q

what are the two branches from peripheral nervous system?

A

automatic and somatic

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28
Q

which would the motor and sensory fall under: automatic or somatic

A

automatic

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29
Q

would the parasympathetic and sympathetic fall under motor or sensory?

A

motor

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30
Q

what is the sympathetic system?

A

fight or flight: think people are sympathetic when you get into a fight or something that is dangerous

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31
Q

what is the parasympathetic system?

A

rest and digest

32
Q

in the parasympathetic system, what happens to the
pupil
heart rate
blood pressure
blood flow to skeletal muscle
blood flow to digestive organs
blood flow to the brain
blood flow to the skin

A

pupil constriction
heart rate goes down
blood pressure goes down
blood flow to skeletal muscle goes down
blood flow to digestive organs goes up
blood flow to the brain goes down
blood flow to the skin goes up

33
Q

in the sympathetic system, what happens to the
pupil
heart rate
blood pressure
blood flow to skeletal muscle
blood flow to digestive organs
blood flow to the brain
blood flow to the skin

A

pupil dilation
heart rate goes up
blood pressure goes up
blood flow to skeletal muscle goes up
blood flow to digestive organs goes down
blood flow to the brain goes up
blood flow to the skin goes down

34
Q

what is the function of FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) and where is it located?

A

location: anterior pituitary
function: stimulates growth of follicle in menstrual cycle and also stimulates the production of sperm

35
Q

what is the function of LH (Luteinizing hormone) and where is it located?

A

location: anterior pituitary
function: surge in LH causes ovulation. it stimulates secretion of sex hormones estrogen and testosterone

36
Q

what is the function of ALTH and where is it located?

A

location: anterior pituitary
function: acts on adrenal cortex to stimulate the release of glucocorticoids-cortisol and aldosterone

37
Q

what is the function of TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) and where is it located?

A

location: anterior pituitary
function: acts on thyroid - stimulates release of T3 and T4

38
Q

what is the function of Prolactin and where is it located?

A

location: anterior pituitary
function: stimulates milk production in the breast

39
Q

what is the function of GH (growth hormone) and where is it located?

A

location: anterior pituitary
function: stimulates growth throughout the body

40
Q

what is the function of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) and where is it located?

A

location: posterior pituitary
function: acts on the collecting duct, making it permeable to H2O. leads to H2O retention and increase in blood pressure

41
Q

what is the function of Oxytocin and where is it located?

A

location: posterior pituitary
function: stimulates milk secretion during nursing and stimulates contractions during childbirth

42
Q

what is the function of PTH and where is it located?

A

location: parathyroid
function: stimulates osteoclast activity, breaking down bone and increasing blood Ca2+ levels and blood pressure

43
Q

what is the function of Glucagon and where is it located?

A

location: pancreas
function: stimulates gluconeogenesis and glycogen breakdown to increase blood glucose

44
Q

what is the function of Insulin and where is it located?

A

location: pancreas
function: decrease blood glucose by stimulating glycolysis and glycogen synthesis

45
Q

what is the function of hCG(Human chorionic gonadotropin) and where is it located?

A

location: placenta
function: prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum, maintaining pregnancy

46
Q

what is the function of Calcitonin and where is it located?

A

location: thyroid
function: gets calcium out of blood and into bone

47
Q

what is the function of Cortisol and where is it located?

A

location: adrenal cortex
function: stress hormone; increase in blood glucose and stimulates break down of fats

48
Q

what is the function of Aldosterone and where is it located?

A

location: adrenal cortex
function: acts on distal convoluted tubule to increase Na+ retention and H2O retention. leads to increase in blood pressure

49
Q

what is the function of Testosterone and where is it located?

A

location: gonads (testes)
function: stimulates secondary sex characteristics

50
Q

what is the function of Estrogen and where is it located?

A

location: gonads (ovaries)
function: causes L.H. surge during menstruation; stimulates female sex organs

51
Q

what is the function of Progesterone and where is it located?

A

location: gonads (ovaries)
function: stimulates growth and maintenance of the uterus during pregnancy

52
Q

what is the function of T3 and T4 and where is it located?

A

location: thyroid
function: increase in basal metabolic rate

53
Q

what is the function of Norepinephrine and Epinephrine and where is it located?

A

location: adrenal medulla
function: fight or flight, similar to sympathetic N.S.

54
Q

which hormones are steroid/lipid soluble

A

cortisol, aldosterone, testerone, estrogen, progesterone

55
Q

what class is T3 and T4

A

lipid solublew

56
Q

what class is Norepinephrine and Epinephrine?

A

H2O soluble

57
Q

what is the function of Bowman’s Capsule/Glomerulus?

A

filters blood to create piltrate

58
Q

what is the function of Proximal Convoluted Tubule?

A

H2O reuptake

59
Q

what is the function of the Loop of Henle

A

descending: H2O reuptake, impermeable to ions
ascending: Na+/Cl- reuptake

60
Q

what is the function of distal convoluted tubule?

A

aldosterone acts here to increase Na+ reuptake, which increases H2O reuptake

61
Q

what is the function of the collecting duct?

A

ADH acts here to increase H2O solubility, which increase H2O reuptake

62
Q

where does O2/CO2 gas exchange occur?

A

alveoli

63
Q

as the diaphragm muscle _________, it ________ the volume of the thoracic cavity. this is known as diaphragm flexion.

A

as the diaphragm muscle contracts, it increases the volume of the thoracic cavity. this is known as diaphragm flexion.

64
Q

as the diaphragm muscle _________, it ________ the volume of the thoracic cavity. this is known as diaphragm extension.

A

as the diaphragm muscle relaxes, it decreases the volume of the thoracic cavity. this is known as diaphragm flexion.

64
Q

as volume ________, pressure ________, drawing air into the lungs

A

as volume increases, pressure decreases, drawing air into the lungs (contraction)

65
Q

as volume ________, pressure ________, pushing air out of the lungs

A

as volume decreases, pressure increases, pushing air out of the lungs (relaxation)

66
Q

what is the blood buffer system?

A

CO2 + H2O <–> HCO3- + H+

67
Q

what is the function of the cardiovascular system

A

deliver O2 and nutrients to cells
pick up CO2 and waste, carry them to lungs and kidneys

68
Q

arteries carry blood _____

A

blood away from the heart

69
Q

veins carry blood _______

A

blood to the heart

70
Q

organize these into Large, Smaller, Smallest
artery
arteriole
venule
capillary
vein

A

larger: artery & vein
smaller: arteriole & venule
smallest: capillary

71
Q

describe the flow
artery
arteriole
venule
capillary
vein
heart

A

heart -> artery -> arteriole -> capillary -> venule -> vein ->heart and then back again

72
Q

what are three things blood does

A
  • transport nutrients, gases, waste products/hormones to and from cells
  • regulate extracellular environment & maintain homeostasis
  • protect body from foreign bodies
73
Q

what 3 things is blood composed of?

A

plasma - 55% of blood
buffy coat (leukocytes & platelets) - <1%
erythrocytes - 45%

74
Q

microfilaments are composed of

A

actin

75
Q

how many hydrogen bonds does GC have?
how about AT?

A

2 for AT (think that it makes the word ‘at’ with just two words)
3 for GC (think that you’ll need more to make an actual word out of GC)

MCAT (13 decks)

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