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MCAT > Physics 1/2 (complete) > Flashcards

Physics 1/2 (complete) Flashcards

1
Q

what is a scalar

A

has only magnitude

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2
Q

what is a vector

A

has both magnitude and direction

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3
Q

what are some scalar quantities

A

length, area, volume
speed
mass, density
pressure
temperature
energy, entropy
work, power

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4
Q

what are some vector quantities

A

displacement
velocity
acceleration
momentum
force
lift, drag, thrust
weight

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5
Q

what is the definition of force

A

any force (visible/invisible) capable of causing a mass to accelerate

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6
Q

what is newtons first law of motion

A

lst = Interia
any object at rest will stay at rest, and an object in motion stays in motion, unless acted upon

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7
Q

inertia

A

capability of an object to resist changes in velocity

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8
Q

mass

A

measure of inertia

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9
Q

center of mass

A

weighted average of the mass of an object

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10
Q

what is newton’s second law

A

F=ma
a net force will increase velocity, but will maintain a constant acceleration

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11
Q

what is newton’s third law

A

when object 1 exerts a force on object 2, object 2 exerts an equal, but opposite force on object 1

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12
Q

what is velocity

A

speed
displacement over time

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13
Q

what does constant velocity mean?

A
  1. no acceleration (no net force, all forces sum to 0, object is in equilibrium)
  2. no change in direction
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14
Q

acceleration

A

change in velocity over time

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15
Q

what is the formula for distance traveled

A

d=1/2*at^2
d=distance
a=acceleration
t=time

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16
Q

what is the formula for velocity

A

v= square root of 2gh
v=velocity
g= acceleration due to gravity
h=distance

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17
Q

time in air

A

tair= 2v/g

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18
Q

when should air resistance be taken into consideration

A

only when the question says so

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19
Q

when is air resistance increased

A

when there is an increase in surface area, larger shape, and increased velocity

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20
Q

terminal velocity

A

point at which the forces due to gravity are matched by forces due to air resistance, resulting in no acceleration

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21
Q

gravity

A

any invisible field resulting in an attractive force between objects that have mass

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22
Q

constant field (near earth)
aka potential energy

A

PE=mgh

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23
Q

point charge (far from earth)

A

PE= - (GM1M2)/r

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24
Q

force due to gravity

A

F= (Gm1m2)/r^2

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25
Q

what is friction

A

nonconservative force occurring due to intermolecular interactions
prevents sliding

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26
Q

kinetic vs static friction

A

kinetic: object is accelerating
static: object is at rest

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27
Q

which coefficient is larger? static or kinetic

A

ALWAYS static

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28
Q

formula of density

A

d=m/V

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29
Q

general pressure equation

A

general pressure= force/area

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30
Q

pascal’s law

A

pressure applied in on part of an incompressible fluid is transmitted undiminished in all direction

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31
Q

bernoulli’s principle

A

pressure and velocity are inversely correlated

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32
Q

explain velocity and pressure in terms of window opening and air coming in

A

windows are down. at low velocities, there’s not much air entering the car, but at the high velocities air rushes in like crazy. as velocity increases, the pressure in your car decreases, and air flows from high pressure outside to low pressure inside

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33
Q

what is hooke’s law? what is another way to write it?

A

F=-kx
k= spring constant
x= distance spring is stretched

F=k*deltax

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34
Q

what is the specific gravity the ratio of

A

gravitational force and buoyant force

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35
Q

what is static object? (which forces are acting on the object)

A

no forces acting on the object, the object is at rest

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36
Q

what is the kinetic object? (what forces are acting on it)

A

no net force. object is moving, but not accelerating

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37
Q

what is torque

A

force applied at distance “I” from the point of rotation

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38
Q

what is energy

A

the capacity to do work

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39
Q

kinetic energy formula

A

1/2mv^2

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40
Q

what is the law of conservation of energy

A

energy in a closed, isolated system is always conserved

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41
Q

what is internal energy

A

energy dissipated as heat (SAME AS HEAT ENERGY)

42
Q

what is heat energy

A

energy dissipated as heat (SAME AS INTERNAL ENERGY)

43
Q

what is chemical energy

A

energy contained with chemical bonds
energy stored/released by the separation of electrons

44
Q

what is mechanical energy

A

sum of kinetic and potential energy in a system

45
Q

what are the 4 ways to think of work

A
  1. work = change in energy
  2. work = force applied over a distance
  3. 1st law of thermodynamics: change in the energy of a system is due to either work or energy
  4. work-energy theory: if work is done on an object, the work done is equal to the change in kinetic energy of the object
46
Q

what is the purpose of a simple machine

A

to reduce the force needed to perform a given amount of work, but it DOES NOT decrease the amount of work needed

47
Q

when thinking of power, what is the 4 ways to think about it?

A
  1. P= change of energy/time
  2. P=work/time
  3. P= (force times dcostheta)/time
    4.Pinstantaneous = force x velocity x costheta
48
Q

when it comes to negative and positive change, how does it connect to the amount of electrons

A

negative: excess of electrons
positive: shortage of electrons

49
Q

conductance promotes movement of? what do insulators inhibit?

A

the movement of electrons, insulators inhibit the movement of electrons

50
Q

what is the electric field

A

invisible influence capable of exerting a force on a mass or charge

51
Q

what is voltage

A

electrical potential energy caused by the separation of charge
potential energy per unit charge

52
Q

what is a current? what is the charge?

A

current is the flow of POSITIVE charge
flows in opposite direction of electron flow
change in charge over time

53
Q

what is the equation of resistance

A

R= (pL)/A
p=resistivity
L=length
A= cross-sectional area

54
Q

what is Ohm’s law

A

V=IR
R= constant (resistance)
V= voltage
I= current

55
Q

magnetism is similar to what

A

electricity

56
Q

what are magnetic fields created by

A

changing electric fields

57
Q

what is the curl right hand rule

A

direction of magnetic field (the way the fingers fold in when you do thumbs up)
direction of current flow (the way the thumb goes - up)

58
Q

what is fleming’s right hand rule

A

thumb: direction of force
first finger: direction of field
middle finger: direction of current
(hand is held up with thumb facing up, first finger facing out, and middle finger facing inward at 90 degrees)

59
Q

what are circuits? does it flow the same with electron flow?

A

think of current as the flow of positive change
- flows in the opposite direction of electron flow

60
Q

what does the switch open __/ ___ and
close ____ mean

A

open: circuit is open and incomplete
closed: circuit is closed and complete

61
Q

what is the equation for capacitors in parallel?

A

Ctotal = C1+C2+C3
think of a box with the capacitors in a straight vertical line
capacitors are the open ones

62
Q

what is the equation for capacitors in series

A

1/Ctotal = 1/C1 + 1/C2 + 1/C3
thing of a box with the open capacitors in a horizontal straight line
capacitors are the open ones

63
Q

what is the equation for resistors in series

A

Rtotal= R1+R2+R3
think of a box with resistors in straight horizontal line
resistors are the ones with squiggly lines

64
Q

what is the equation for resistors in parallel?

A

1/Rtotal = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3
think of a box with the resistors in a straight vertical line
resistors are the ones with squiggly lines

65
Q

how to batteries in series differ from batteries in parallel?
think in terms of voltage, current and capacity

A

series: add voltage together, current and capacity stay the same
parallel: add current or capacity together, voltage stays the same

66
Q

what is the equation of electrical power

A

power= current x voltage
P=IV

67
Q

for sound/mechanical waves, how does intensity relate to amplitude and frequency

A

intensity is proportional to amplitude and frequency

68
Q

for light waves, how does intensity relate to amplitude and frequency

A

intensity is ONLY proportional to amplitude

69
Q

electromagnetic waves are

A

transverse waves capable of propagating without a medium, transfer energy and momentum

70
Q

mechanical waves

A

require a medium to propagate, only transfer energy (not matter)

71
Q

what is the wave speed equation

A

v=λf
v=speed/velocity
λ= wavelength
f= frequency

72
Q

transverse waves

A

strings on a musical instrument

73
Q

longitudinal waves

A

sound waves

74
Q

3 wave rules
what is wave speed determined by?
does frequency change from medium to medium? how about wavelength

A

wave speed is determined by the medium
frequency NEVER changes from medium to medium
wavelength DOES change from medium to medium

75
Q

what is a node on standing waves? how about antinodes

A

node: middle intersection from the wave
antinode: the not intersecting part

76
Q

what is the doppler effect

A

the greater the relative velocity, the greater the shift in frequency or wavelength

77
Q

higher pitch means (higher/lower) frequency

A

higher pitch = higher frequency

78
Q

do vibrations travel through solids?
liquids?
gas?

A

solids and liquids - yes
they create pressure waves through gases

79
Q

how is sound created

A

by a vibrating medium

80
Q

light can exist as what two things?

A

particle and wave

81
Q

what is the equation for energy of a photon

A

E=hf
h=planck’s constant
f= frequency

82
Q

what ‘nm’ is visible light

A

390-700

83
Q

when looking at a wave, how do you see energy and wavelength

A

the tighter the waves, the decrease wavelength and increasing energy
the more spread out the waves, the increasing of the wavelength and the decreasing of energy

84
Q

on the spectrum, how do rays/waves fit
gamma, xray, visible light, radio waves, IR, UV

A

least to largest
gamma
xray
UV
visible
IR
radio

85
Q

what is snell’s law

A

n= c/v
n= index of refraction of a medium
c= speed of light in vacuum
v= speed of light in the medium

86
Q

virtual images are (upright/inverted) and (negative/positive)

A

virtual images are upright and negative

87
Q

real images are (upright/inverted) and (negative/positive)

A

real images are inverted and positive

88
Q

what is a converging lens and what is it used for

A

it is the fat lens
usually a positive, real, inverted image

89
Q

what is a diverging lens and what is it used for

A

skinny lens
always negative, virtual, upright image

90
Q

where is the image focused in nearsightedness

A

visual image is focused in front of retina

91
Q

where is the image focused in farsightedness

A

visual image is focused behind the retina

92
Q

normal vision interacts how with retina

A

normal vision occurs when light is focused directed on the retina rather than in front or behind

93
Q

two lens system

A

the image of the first lens becomes the object for the second lens

94
Q

photoelectric effect

A

When light shines on a metal, electrons can be ejected from the surface of the metal (bounces)

95
Q

young’s double slit

A

light is passed through two slits and forms an interference pattern on a screen behind the slits

96
Q

what are the 2 formulas for frequency/wavelength?
from those 2 formulas, how can you get the formula for energy?

A

photon energy: E= hf (f=frequency, and h=constant: 6.626x10^-34)
frequency: f=c/l (c=light constant: 3x10^8), and l=length

this would mean: E= hc/l

97
Q

potential energy formula

A

PE=mgh

98
Q

what is the Venturi/Bernoulli’s effect

A

speed of a liquid increases, the pressure drops

99
Q

Buoyant force - definition and formula

A

upward force a fluid exerts on an object
F=pvg
p= density
v=volume
g=gravitational constant

100
Q

what is the gravitational constant

A

9.8 m/s^2

101
Q

when given an open container with liquid and closed container with liquid, which would have the higher pressure and why?

A

the open container
the open one would have absolute pressure (SUM OF GAUGE PRESSURE AND ABSOLUTE PRESSURE) while the closed container would only have gauge pressure

102
Q

difference in the equation for frictional force vs normal force

A

frictional uses SIN (mgsin theta)
normal uses COS (mg cos theta)

MCAT (13 decks)

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