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mcat > Biochem 1 > Flashcards

Biochem 1 Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

in an amino acid, a N-terminus is a nucleophile or electrophile? how about the C-terminus

A

n: nucleophile
c: electrophile

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2
Q

most amino acids are _____-conformation
what are the 2 exceptions to this rule

A

S-conformation
glycine and cysteine

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3
Q

what is the N terminus in an amino acid

A

the H3N+

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4
Q

what is the C terminus in an amino acid

A

the double bonded O and the single bonded O-

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5
Q

what is the R group in an amino acid

A

it is the one that determines the amino acid chemistry
how a protein folds
whether a substrate binds in an active site
reaction mechanisms in the enzyme packet

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6
Q

what is the difference between an amino acid and amino acid residue

A

AA: contains both N and C terminus; it is a stand alone
AA residue: contains R group; does not contain both N/C terminus; part of a polypeptide chain

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7
Q

what are the acidic polar amino acids

A

aspartate (Asp) and glutamate (Glu) (aspartic acid and glutamic acid)

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8
Q

what is the pka of the acidic amino acids

A

4

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9
Q

what are the basic amino acids, with their pka

A

histidine (H) - 6
arginine (R) - 12
lysine (K) - 11
think: H,R,K (hritik is basic)

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10
Q

what are the polar uncharged amino acids

A

serine
threonine
asparagine
glutamine

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11
Q

what are the normal hydrophobic amino acids

A

phenylalanine
tyrosine
tryptophan

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12
Q

nonpolar amino acids are?

A

all aliphatic amino acids, methionine, tryptophan and phenylalanine

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13
Q

neutral polar amino acids are?

A

alcohols, amides, cysteine, tyrosine
cysteine
asparagine
tyrosine
threonine
glutamine
serine

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14
Q

what is the difference between essential and nonessential amino acids

A

essential: AA that body CANNOT synthesize
nonessential: AA that body CAN synthesize

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15
Q

what is a zwitterion amino acid

A

AA with a + and - charge

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16
Q

what is the isoelectric point

A

the pH at which a protein/polypeptide is electrically neutral (positive charges = negative charges)

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17
Q

if the isoelectric point is neutral, what does that mean in terms of basic and acidic amino acid

A

equal amount of acidic and basic amino acids

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18
Q

if the isoelectric point is acidic, what does that mean in terms of basic and acidic amino acid

A

there are more acidic amino acids than basic AA

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19
Q

if the isoelectric point is basic, what does that mean in terms of basic and acidic amino acid

A

there are more basic amino acids than acidic AA

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20
Q

think in terms of hydrolysis: what is trypsin and chymotrypsin?

A

t: hydrolyzes after basic AA (R,H,K)
C: hydrolyzes after aromatic AA (F,W,Y)

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21
Q

what role does acid play as a denaturing agent

A

affects the charge state of charged AA

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22
Q

what role does heat play as a denaturing agent

A

breaks H bonds and discipline bonds

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23
Q

what role does urea play as a denaturing agent

A

competes with and disrupts H bonds in proteins

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24
Q

what role does mercaptoethanol play as a denaturing agent

A

disrupts disulfide bonds

25
Q

what happens to mesophilic proteins at high temperatures

A

they become denatured due to a loss of hydrogen bonding

26
Q

the PDH (pyruvate dehydrogenase complex) is naturally inhibited by ATP because: (what causes the feedback inhibition)

A

PDH product generates ATP via citric acid cycle

27
Q

what does acetylcholine control in behavior

A

voluntary muscle control, parasympathetic nervous system, attention, and alterness

28
Q

what do epinephrine and norepinephrine control in behavior

A

fight-flight responses, wakefulness, alertness

29
Q

what does dopamine control in behavior

A

smooth movements, postural stability

30
Q

what does serotonin control in behavior

A

mood, sleep, eating, dreaming

31
Q

what does GABA control in behavior

A

brain ‘stabilization’

32
Q

what do endorphins control in behavior

A

natural painkillers

33
Q

are aliphatic amino acids polar or nonpolar?

A

nonpolar

34
Q

are aliphatic amino acids hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

A

hydrophobic

35
Q

what is the sentence used for aliphatic amino acids?
what are they?

A

Glaciers in Alaska Valiantly Locate Isolated Prowlers
Glycine, Alanine, Valine, Leucine, Isoleucine, Proline

36
Q

what are the aromatic amino acids

A

tryptophan, phenylalanine, tyrosine

37
Q

what is the term used to remember the alcohol amino acids?
what are they?

A

alcohol is a Serious Threat
Serine, Threonine

38
Q

what is the term used to remember the basic amino acids?
what are they?

A

basically, His Lost kid Always returned
Histidine, Lysine, Arginine

39
Q

what is the term used to remember sulfur-containing amino acids?
what are they

A

Methodically Check for sulfur
Methionine, Cysteine

40
Q

what are the acidic amino acids

A

glutamic acid, aspartic acid
glutamte/aspartate

41
Q

what are the amide amino acids

A

asparganine and glutamine

42
Q

what does a phosphate do

A

enzyme that removes a phosphate group from its substrate

43
Q

which amino acids can be phosphorylated

A

serine and threonine
the alcohols

44
Q

Which amino acid contains an unbranched alkyl side chain?

A

alanine

45
Q

which amino acid is not chiral

A

glycine

46
Q

do humans have more L or D amino acids

A

L is more naturally occuring

47
Q

what is the average weight of an amino acid

A

110Da

48
Q

what does a Hill’s coefficient tell you
(less than 1 or greater than 1)

A

less than 1 or equal to 1: does not demonstrate cooperativity
greater than 1: demonstrates cooperativity

49
Q

in the citric acid cycle, how many molecules of NADH and FADH2 are generated

A

2 molecules of NADH and one molecule of FADH2 are generated

50
Q

looking at Km, which would have the highest catalytic efficiency?
ex. 10^-6
10^-5
10^-4
10^2

A

10^-6
the highest catalytic efficiency = low Km bc the efficiency would be Kcat/Km

51
Q

synthetase vs synthase

A

synthases do not use energy from nucleoside triphosphates (such as ATP, GTP, CTP, TTP, and UTP), whereas synthetases do use nucleoside triphosphates

52
Q

what is the result of the pentose phosphate pathway

A

NADPH

53
Q

catabolism vs anabolism

A

c: breaking down of a bigger molecule into smaller ones (releases energy)
a: builds molecules required for the body’s functionality (requires energy)

54
Q

is NADPH utilized in anabolic or catabolic? how about NADH?
which is oxidative/reductive

A

NADH is mainly involved in catabolic reactions whereas NADPH is involved in anabolic reactions.
NADH is less abundant in the cell, while NADPH is more abundant in comparison to their oxidized forms. (NADPH-reductive, NADH-oxidative)

55
Q

If there a sugar that needs to be classified as D or L, how do you know which is it

A

There should be an OH group (most bottom one)
if that is on the left, its L
if that is on the right, its D

56
Q

if delta G is negative, is the reaction exothermic or endothermic

A

exothermic

57
Q

if delta G is positive, is the reaction exothermic or endothermic

A

endothermic

58
Q

which amino acids are positively charged

A

HRK (basic)

59
Q

which amino acids are negatively charged

A

D,E (acidic)

mcat (13 decks)

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