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Radiographic Pathology > Gastrointestinal System Part 3 - Gallbladder, Liver, Pancreas > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal System Part 3 - Gallbladder, Liver, Pancreas Flashcards

1
Q

What is the medical term for gallstones?

A

Cholelithiasis

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2
Q

Gallstones can be either radiolucent or radiopaque. The former is made out of ______ and the latter contains_________

A

cholesterol, calcium

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3
Q

Through what opening can gallstones leave the gallbladder and enter the GI tract?

A

bile duct

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4
Q

What modality is best in confirming/diagnosing gallstones?

A

Ultrasound

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5
Q

What is an alternative modality to ultrasound in the diagnosis of gallstones?

A

CT with contrast

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6
Q

ERCP is the procedure used to treat and/or remove gallstones. What does this acronym stand for?

A

endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

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7
Q

What medical term refers to the inflammation of the gallbladder?

A

Cholecyctitis

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8
Q

What is the usual cause of cholecystitis?

A

Gallstone obstructing the cystic duct

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9
Q

How does cholecytitis become emphysematous?

A

Gallstones injure the mucosal wall, allowing gas forming organisms/bacteria to enter.

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10
Q

Is emphysematous cholecystitis a surgical emergency?

A

Yes

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11
Q

What modality is most often used for diagnosing cholecystitis?

A

ultrasound

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12
Q

How might cholecystitis appear radiographically?

A

Air around gallbladder and/or stones

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13
Q

What does the term choledocholithiasis mean?

A

At least one gallstone in the common bile duct.

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14
Q

How could choledocholithiasis appear in an x-ray?

A

Stones present in common bile duct or a filling defect of the blocked duct.

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15
Q

Cholangitis refers to what pathology?

A

Inflammation of the entire bile duct system

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16
Q
  1. Cholelithiasis 2. Choledocholithiasis 3. Cholangitis 4. Cholecystitis

Rank these conditions from least to most severe.

A

1, 4, 2, 3

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17
Q

Prothrombin is a protein made in the liver. What function does it serve?

A

To aid in coagulation

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18
Q

What test is done to check liver and gallbladder function?

A

Bilirubin blood test

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19
Q

What test is done to measure how long it takes blood to clot?

A

Prothrombin time (PT) blood test

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20
Q

This pathology refers to the inflammation of the liver.

A

Hepatitis

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21
Q

Which type(s) of hepatitis are transmitted from the fecal-oral route, and often attributed to poor hand washing?

A

Types A and E

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22
Q

Which type of hepatitis is transmitted through exposure to contaminated blood/blood products or through sexual contact?

A

Hepatitis B

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23
Q

This type of hepatitis is the common cause of chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.

A

Hepatitis C

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24
Q

How is Hepatitis C transmitted?

A

blood transfusion or sexual contact

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25
Q

X-rays are excellent for detecting early hepatitis.

A

False. Early hepatitis won’t be seen on imaging.

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26
Q

Hepatitis complications such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma show up in what modalities?

A

Ultrasound, CT, and MRI

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27
Q

How might hepatitis appear on a general x-ray?

A

Enlarged liver lifting the right hemidiaphragm

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28
Q

This pathology refers to end-stage liver disease, and the chronic destruction of liver cells and structures.

A

Liver cirrhosis

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29
Q

What is the major cause of liver cirrhosis?

A

Chronic alcoholism (10-20+ years)

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30
Q

What causes jaundice to appear as a sign of liver cirrhosis?

A

Liver cells are destroyed and/or bile duct is blocked

31
Q

As liver cirrhosis progresses, _______ tissue replaces _____ cells

A

fibrous connective (scar), liver

32
Q

What causes edema of the lower limbs in liver cirrhosis?

A

Decreased albumin production, causing fluid to leak out of circulation.

33
Q

A sign of liver cirrhosis may be the presence of ascites. What causes this?

A

Decreased albumin and increased venous pressure

34
Q

What changes might occur to the spleen as a result of liver cirrhosis?

A

It enlarges due to portal vein pressure

35
Q

How might liver cirrhosis appear on a CT exam?

A

Liver darker than spleen on CT due to fat accumulation.

36
Q

What is ascites?

A

Accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity

37
Q

Are ascites additive, or destructive pathology?

A

additive

38
Q

What patient position causes the “dog ears” sign in an x-ray assessing ascites?

A

Supine, fluid pools posterior portion of pelvis.

39
Q

This pathology appears on a general x-ray as a general haziness around the abdomen

A

Ascites

40
Q

What is another term for liver cancer?

A

Hepatocellular Carcinoma

41
Q

What CT protocol is recommended for the detection of liver cancer?

A

3-phase liver scan

42
Q

Hepatic mets show up on a CT scan as being more dense than normal liver parenchyma

A

False, they are less dense

43
Q

What is a hemangioma?

A

A benign vascular tumor

44
Q

Are liver hemangioma usually asymptomatic?

A

Yes

45
Q

What size in CM determines whether a liver hemangioma is giant ?

A

> 10 cm

46
Q

What modalities are used to diagnose liver hemangioma

A

CT, MRI, and Ultrasound

47
Q

Are liver hemangiomas more or less dense than the surrounding liver parenchyma?

A

less dense

48
Q

Are liver hemangiomas enhanced by IV contrast?

A

Yes

49
Q

Liver hemangiomas remain contrast enhanced in the delayed phase

A

True

50
Q

What is the common cause of pancreatitis?

A

Excessive alcohol consumption

51
Q

Another cause of pancreatitis is gallstones blocking the _______, causing bile to reflux into the pancreas

A

ampulla of Vater

52
Q

Why might jaundice occur due to pancreatitis?

A

Swollen pancreas is blocking the bile duct

53
Q

What happens to the pancreas in acute pancreatitis?

A

Enzymes cause the pancreas to digest itself

54
Q

What cannot be produced due to chronic pancreatitis?

A

digestive enzymes, insulin and glucagon

55
Q

What modalities are used to diagnose pancreatitis (acute and chronic)

A

CT and ultrasound

56
Q

How does acute pancreatitis appear on a CT scan?

A

diffuse enlargement of the pancreas, with surrounding tissue obscured due to swelling

57
Q

How does chronic pancreatitis appear on a CT scan?

A

enlarged pancreas, pancreatic atrophy, ductal dilation, calcification

58
Q

What is the most common pancreatic cancer, and where does it start?

A

adenocarcinoma, in the glands of the lining in the pancreas

59
Q

Where are 60% of pancreatic carcinomas located?

A

In the head of pancreas

60
Q

pancreatic carcinoma can appear on an ultrasound as a tumor. What diameter determines if it is cancerous?

A

2 cm or greater

61
Q

What modality is best for diagnosing pancreatic carcinoma?

A

CT

62
Q

What are 3 symptoms of diabetes mellitus?

A

polyuria, polydipsia, and glycosuria

63
Q

What causes the increase in blood sugar attributed to diabetes mellitus?

A

Lack of insulin prevents glucose from entering cells, causing it to remain in the blood

64
Q

What is a major concern in diabetes mellitus?

A

Diabetic acidosis causing dehydration and leading to diabetic coma

65
Q

Severe osteomyelitis isn’t a sign of diabetes mellitus

A

False

66
Q

What are some ways (5) that diabetes mellitus may appear radiographically?

A

Peripheral vessel calcification,
Severe osteomyelitis,
Neuropathic joints,
Gas gangrene (necrotizing infection)
ischemic gangrene

67
Q

What signs/symptoms might demonstrate that a patient is hypoglycemic?

A

Suddenly feeling lightheaded, fainting, shaking, and sweating.

68
Q

What 3 things might cause a diabetic patient to become hypoglycemic?

A

Too much insulin, not enough food, or they exercised too much

69
Q

What can be administered to a hypoglycemic patient?

A

Sugar

70
Q

This term refers to free air in the peritoneal cavity.

A

Pneumoperitoneum

71
Q

Is pneumoperitoneum a surgical emergency?

A

Yes

72
Q

What change must be made to the configuration of the x-ray tube when imaging for pneumoperitoneum?

A

It requires a horizontal beam.

73
Q

When imaging a patient for pneumoperitoneum, they can be upright or decubitus. If they are decubitus, should they be positioned left lateral or right lateral?

A

Left lateral

Radiographic Pathology (7 decks)

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