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Radiographic Pathology > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

What does the term ectopic mean?

A

Abnormally positioned

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2
Q

Are ectopic kidneys usually functional?

A

Yes

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3
Q

How would an ectopic kidney appear radiographically?

A

Kidney in unusual place

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4
Q

What is the most common type of fusion anomaly?

A

horseshoe kidney

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5
Q

Which poles are joined in a horse shoe kidney?

A

Lower poles due to malrotation

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6
Q

What junction is commonly obstructed in a horseshoe kidney?

A

ureteropelvic junction

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7
Q

Duplication refers to….

A

duplex kidney

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8
Q

What does bifid pelvis mean?

A

2 collecting systems that join together

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9
Q

VUR stands for _______________________

A

Vesicoureteral Reflux

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10
Q

This pathology is the abnormal flow of urine from the bladder back into the ureters

A

Vesicoureteral Reflux (VUR)

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11
Q

VUR can be caused by nerve damage or urethral blockage, but mostly it is _______

A

pediatric (congenital)

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12
Q

What is a common symptom of VUR?

A

urinary tract infection

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13
Q

VUR occurs due to the failure of what valve?

A

vesico-ureteral valve

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14
Q

What procedure can allow for the imaging of VUR?

A

voiding cysto-urethrogram

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15
Q

Fluoroscopy of VUR may show ____, _____, or _____

A

hydroureter, hydronephrosis, or pyelonephritis

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16
Q

This pathology is stenosis of the distal ureter.

A

Ureterocele

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17
Q

What happens to the distal ureter as a result of ureterocele?

A

It prolapses into the bladder and becomes abnormally dilated

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18
Q

Ureterocele often leads to what other pathology?

A

Hydronephrosis

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19
Q

What modalities/procedures are used to image ureterocele?

A

ultrasound / intraveneous urography

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20
Q

In a radiograph, what does the distal prolapsed ureter looked like in ureterocele? (animal)

A

cobra head

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21
Q

This pathology is inflammation of the kidney

A

pyelonephritis

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22
Q

Pyelonephritis is always acute.

A

False, it can be chronic as well.

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23
Q

Pyelonephritis can be due to infection from the bloodstream or lymph system, but what is the more common cause?

A

Bacterial infection originating at the urethra

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24
Q

Pyelonephritis often occurs due to obstruction in what area?

A

urinary tract

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25
Q

Pyelonephritis may become ________ in diabetic patients

A

emphysematous

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26
Q

This condition can occur in diabetic patients, and it is a necrotizing infection that can permanently damage/destroy the kidneys

A

emphysematous pyelonephritis

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27
Q

What is the modality of choice when imaging pyelonephritis?

A

CT

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28
Q

This term refers to an enlarged renal pelvis due to urine pressure.

A

hydronephrosis

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29
Q

What appears on a CT of the kidneys if pyelonephritis has become emphysematous?

A

Gas bubbles

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30
Q

CT of pyelonephritis may show _____ and _____

A

abscess and hydronephrosis

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31
Q

What other modality besides CT is used for imaging pyelonephritis?

A

urography

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32
Q

This term refers to the inflammation of the urinary bladder

A

cystitis

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33
Q

Why is cystitis more common in women?

A

Shorter urethra

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34
Q

Why should urine bags be kept lower than the patient’s bladder?

A

Retrograde flow can cause infection —> cystitis

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35
Q

What are 4 causes of cystitis?
_______ infection,
_______
_______
_______

A

bacterial infection,
instrumentation,
catheterization,
sexual intercourse

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36
Q

In diabetic patients, cystitis can become ______

A

emphysematous

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37
Q

What term means painful urination?

A

Dysuria

38
Q

Regarding cystitis:
A voiding cystogram will demonstrate increased bladder size and a regular bladder wall with chronic cystitis

A

False. Bladder size will be decreased and bladder wall will be irregular

39
Q

What is another term for kidney stones?

A

renal calculi

40
Q

Renal calculi can be made of:
_________,
_________,
_________,
_________,

A

calcium,
uric acid,
cystine,
struvite

41
Q

Renal calculi are asymptomatic until what occurs?

A

they move and become lodged in the ureter

42
Q

What percentage of renal calculi contain enough calcium to be radiopaque?

A

80%

43
Q

What 2 exams are commonly performed to assess renal calculi?

A

Ultrasound and CT

44
Q

How are non-calcium renal calculi visualized on contrast CT?

A

As filling defects

45
Q

This modality shows renal calculi as an echogenic region with acoustic shadowing

A

Ultrasound

46
Q

This pathology is a calcified clot within a vein that appears on x-ray as a rounded density

A

phleboliths

47
Q

Phleboliths are common to what area of the body?

A

lower part of pelvis

48
Q

Phleboliths can mimic what other pathology?

A

renal calculi / kidney stones

49
Q

oOn an x-ray, due phleboliths tend be be more medial, or lateral?

A

Lateral

50
Q

On an x-ray, phleboliths tend to occur below what landmark?

A

ischial spines

51
Q

This pathology refers to the severe pain that can occur suddenly due to renal calculi getting stuck in the kidney, renal pelvis or ureter

A

renal colic

52
Q

The pain in renal colic is caused by the _____, ______, and _____ of the ureter.

A

dilation, stretching, spasm

53
Q

What often accompanies renal colic? (blood in the urine)

A

hematuria

54
Q

In a patient suffering renal colic, where would you expect the kidney stones to be on an x-ray?

A

kidney, renal pelvis or ureter

55
Q

What condition unique to men can cause hydronephrosis?

A

enlarged prostate

56
Q

If hydronephrosis was bilateral, where would you suspect the obstruction is?

A

base of urinary bladder or urethra

57
Q

Hydronephrosis isn’t serious and there’s no risk of permanent kidney damage

A

False. Kidney function can be permanently destroyed.

58
Q

Hydronephrosis can be imaged via urography, CT, and ultrasound. How do the renal calyces and pelvis appear?

A

Enlarged/dilated

59
Q

This pathology refers to the dilation of the ureter caused by obstruction.

A

Hydroureter

60
Q

If hydroureter is unilateral, that would mean the blockage is located ____

A

above the bladder

61
Q

If hydroureter is bilateral, that would mean the blockage is located ____

A

at or below the bladder

62
Q

How does hydroureter appear during urography?

A

Dilated ureter

63
Q

What is lithotripsy?

A

A procedure to destroy renal calculi

64
Q

Lithotripsy can be either ____ or ____ (different ways they destroy renal calculi)

A

laser or shockwave

65
Q

Renal calculi are always destroyed or surgically removed.

A

False, in addition the patient can be hydrated and wait for them to pass, or they may recieve medication that breaks up the stone.

66
Q

This refers to a procedure done where the patient is given medication to break up renal calculi.

A

chemolysis

67
Q

The surgical removal of renal calculi is called percutaneous lithotripsy or percutaneous _________

A

nephrolithotomy

68
Q

This pathology refers to a common fluid filled, benign mass in the kidney

A

renal cyst

69
Q

Renal cysts are always unifocal

A

False, there can be multiple.

70
Q

What is the modality of choice for imaging renal cysts?

A

Ultrasound

71
Q

CT can also be used to detect renal cysts. How do they appear in contrast vs non-contrast?

A

Round hypodense region.
Non contrast will show a region the same HU as water.
Contrast will show a region that is unenhanced

72
Q

Why might a biopsy be necessary for definitive diagnosis of a renal cyst?

A

Other malignant pathologies can mimic renal cysts

73
Q

This inherited disorder causes progressive renal impairment and lobulated enlargement of the kidneys due to multiple cysts.

A

Polycystic Kidney Disease

74
Q

How does polycystic kidney disease appear on CT?

A

many cysts on the kidneys

75
Q

What is the most common form of kidney cancer?

A

Renal cell adenocarcinoma

76
Q

What is another term for renal cell adenocarcinoma?

A

hypernephroma

77
Q

What is usually the only symptom of renal cell adenocarcinoma?

A

painless hematuria

78
Q

What is the modality of choice for imaging RCC?

A

CT

79
Q

During contrast CT of RCC, tumors will show more contast uptake than the renal parenchyma.

A

False, they will show less contrast uptake.

80
Q

How does RCC appear on ultrasound?

A

Solid mass with internal echoes.

81
Q

What is commonly the only symptom of bladder carcinoma?

A

Painless hematuria

82
Q

What demographic is at increased risk of bladder carcinoma?

A

Males over 50

83
Q

Why is CT better for imaging bladder carcinoma?

A

IT can help stage the cancer.

84
Q

How does bladder carcinoma appear on CT or MRI?

A

As a mass projecting into the bladder lumen.

85
Q

Renal failure can be _____ or ______

A

Acute or chronic

86
Q

What modality is recommended for renal failure?

A

Ultrasound

87
Q

How would acute renal failure appear on ultrasound?

A

dilated ureters

88
Q

How does chronic renal failure appear on ultrasound?

A

kidneys decreased in size.

89
Q

This pathology is the result of the narrowing of the arteries that supply the kidneys.

A

Renal hypertension

90
Q

What is the main symptom of renal hypertension?

A

Really high BP

91
Q

What procedures can reduce renal hypertension?

A

Angioplasty, stenting or surgery.

Radiographic Pathology (7 decks)

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