Genetic Fingerprinting Flashcards

1
Q

What is genetic fingerprinting?

A

A technique used by scientists to identify the unique sequence of genes in an individual.

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2
Q

What is a core sequence?

A

A section of blocks of repeated nucleotides in introns

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3
Q

When comparing sequences of DNA from 2 organisms, what can we assume if the core sequences are similar?

A

They are more closely related.

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4
Q

Why might DNA be amplified using PCR before sequencing occurs?

A

The DNA sample could be very small

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5
Q

How can DNA be extracted from cells before sequencing occurs?

A

Cells are broken to release DNA.
DNA cut into fragments using restriction endonucleases.

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6
Q

What is a restriction fragment?

A

A sample of DNA that has been cut

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7
Q

Describe how DNA can be separated using gel electrophoresis.

A

DNA injected into wells surrounded by agar gel and an electric current is supplied.
DNA diffuses down the gel as it attracts to the positive end of the gel

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8
Q

Why is DNA able to diffuse down the gel in electrophoresis?

A

DNA is negatively charged, so attracts to the positive terminal.

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9
Q

Describe how size of the DNA fragment influences how quick it moves.

A

Smaller DNA fragments move faster.

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10
Q

What are the bands seen in gel electrophoresis representative of?

A

Size of the fragments.

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11
Q

Why is the gel immersed in alkali after the DNA has separated into bands?

A

To separate the double strands into single strands

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12
Q

Name the material that the membrane is made from when patterns of the fragments are transferred to it.

A

Nylon

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13
Q

How are DNA fragments fixed to the nylon membrane?

A

UV light

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14
Q

What is used to attach core sequences to the nylon membrane in gel electrophoresis?

A

Radioactive probes which are complimentary to the core sequences.

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15
Q

What happens to DNA probes that have not bound to the nylon membrane?

A

They are washed off

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16
Q

Name the type of film that the nylon membrane is placed under.

A

X ray film.

17
Q

Explain how genetic fingerprinting can be used in forensics.

A

A sample of DNA can be fingerprinted.
A sample of the suspects DNA is also fingerprinted and the 2 are compared.

18
Q

How can genetic fingerprinting be used in paternity tests?

A

The fathers DNA is compared to the child’s to see if there is a 50% match

19
Q

What do restriction maps show?

A

They show where the plasmid was cut by restriction enzymes