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Anatomy and physiology > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Hormone

A

an organic chemical produced by one set of cells that affect a different set of cells

Chemical messengers that influence the metabolism of the recipient cell

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2
Q

Hormone

A

has a specific organ/origin, and a target organ/gland or organs/Glands

And a specific action

Many hormones are proteins that are coded for by genes and synthesized within the cytoplasm by ribosomes

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3
Q

What happens to synthesized hormones?

A

they eventually get packaged into vesicles by the Golgi apparatus and secreted at the plasma membrane.

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4
Q

What are the two main categories of hormones

A

Peptides and steroids

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5
Q

Peptide hormones

A

can be derived from proteins, peptides, and catecholamines

act relatively quickly but are short lived

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6
Q

Steroid hormones

A

Derived from cholesterol by a series of metabolic reactions

Act more slowly because it takes time to synthesize new proteins than to activate enzymes that are already present in the cell

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7
Q

Where are steroid hormones stored

A

Fat droplets in the cytoplasm until their release at the plasma membrane

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8
Q

Which hormone can enter the cell and nucleus freely?

A

Steroid hormones can enter freely and do NOT need to interact with cell surface receptors

Once inside the cell, steroids bind to receptors and create a hormone complex

The complex activates specific genes that lead to protein synthesis

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9
Q

Which hormone type has a longer sustained effect on metabolism?

A

Steroid hormones do because the create new proteins for a cells

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10
Q

Endocrine glands

A

These are ductless and secrete their hormones in the bloodstream to be distributed throughout the body.

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11
Q

Exocrine glands

A

Have ducts and secrete their contents directly onto epithelial tissue
ex. salivary glands

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12
Q

Primary endocrine glands

A

Secrete hormones that chemically regulate body functioning

Hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal glands, and pancreas

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13
Q

Secondary Endocrine glands

A

The heart, kidneys, gonads (testes and ovaries), thymus

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14
Q

negative feedback loop

A

This functions like a thermostat and is how most hormones are regulated.

Homeostasis has a set-point or range it requires to maintain proper functioning

If something falls below the range, it triggers it to turn on like a thermostat. It will run until it is slightly above optimal range, and then shut off. It will turn on again if the levels detected are below the set-point.

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15
Q

How does ADH use a negative feedback loop?

A

Its action is dilute blood. Once the blood is dilute, the hypothalamus detects dilute levels and shuts off the release of ADH

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16
Q

positive feedback system

A

This enhances or increases the amount of hormone that is regulated

Oxytocin works in a positive feedback system during childbirth

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17
Q

Hypothalmus

A

The part of the brain that regulates the internal environment and homeostasis.

It controls heart rate, body temperature, water balance, and glandular secretions of the pituitary gland

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18
Q

pituitary gland

A

lies just below the hypothalamus and has an anterior and posterior portion.

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19
Q

Posterior pituitary

A

connected to the hypothalamus by a stalk-like structure. Overlap between the nervous and endocrine systems – store nuerosecretory - cells that respond to neurotransmitters and produce hormones that are stored in the posterior pituitary

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20
Q

Neurosecretory

A

nuerons in the hypothalamus that respond to neurotransmitters and produce hormones that are stored in the posterior pituitary.

The hormones pass from the hypothalamus through axons that terminate in the posterior pituitary

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21
Q

What two hormones are stored in the posterior pituitary from the axons endings?

A

ADH ( antidiuretic hormone also called vasopressin) and oxytocin

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22
Q

ADH

A

promotes the absorption of water from collecting ducts which receive urine produced by the kidneys

As blood becomes dilute, the hormone is no longer released until it is needed again.

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23
Q

Oxytocin

A

Made by the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary

Triggers uterine contractions during labor AND stimulates milk production in mammary glands for nursing

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24
Q

Anterior Pituitary gland

A

Three tiered relationship between the hypothamlus, anterior pituitary gland, and other endocrine glands

They hypothalamus produces hormones that travel to the APG, and then trigger the APG to make specific hormones that control the thyroid, adrenal cortex, and gonads

Then those glands make hormones using a negative feed back system that regulate the secretion of the appropriate hypothalamic hormone

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25
Q

what hormones does the endocrine system secrete?

A

Growth Hormone (GH)

Prolactin

Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Andrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

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26
Q

Growth Hormone

A

dramatically affects physical appearance)

the amount of this hormone determines height and bone structure of a person

Causes cell growth, cell division, and protein synthesis

impacts changes on skeletal muscles, liver, and bones

promotes growth of cartilaginous plates and causes osteoblasts to form new bone

27
Q

Too much or too little GH cause what?

A

Too little - pituitary dwarf
too much - pituitary giant

28
Q

Acromegaly

A

Too much growth hormones in adults that causes feet, hands and part of the face ( eyebrow ridges, chin, and nose) to become overly large

29
Q

Prolactin

A

produced only during pregnancy, childbirth, and nursing

causes mammory glands to develop and produce milk

and plays a role in carbohydrate and fat production

30
Q

Melanocyte Stimulating hormone

A

stimulates melanocytes (cells found in skin) to increase the synthesis of melanin – what makes the skin darker in the sun

31
Q

Thyroid Stimulating hormone

A

stimulates the thyroid gland to produce T3 and T4

Often grouped together and BOTH contain Iodine - iodine is actively transported into the thyroid gland and can reach concentrations of more than 25 times greater than the blood.

32
Q

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

A

stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol

33
Q

Gonadtropic hormones: FSH and LH

A

Stimulates the gonads - testes in males and ovaries in females

FSH- causes the development of a follicle on the ovary to mature before ovulation. ALSO increases estrogen production

LH- acts on the ovary to cause ovulation. ALSO triggers the release of progesterone

34
Q

What does Luteinizing Hormone also trigger

A

the production on progesterone to increase potential for fertilization of egg and pregnancy

35
Q

Thyroxin (T4)

A

the anterior pituitary produces TSH which stimulates the thyroid to produce thyroxin in a negative feedback loop

Increases thyroxin exerts feedback control over anterior pituitary, which ceases to make TSH

36
Q

Goiter

A

When iodine is lacking in the diet the thyroid gland enlarges - caused by a relationship between the thyroid and anterior pituitary

When thyroxin is low, Anterior pituitary continues to make TSH, the thyroid responds by getting larger (goiter), but is isn’t effective because thyroxin can not be produced without iodine

37
Q

Roles of Thyroxin

A

Increases metabolic rate in all cells

increases respiratory enzymes and oxygen uptake

NECESSARY for proper growth and delvelopent

38
Q

congenital hypothyroidism

A

occurs in people who have low thyroid (hypo) function since birth.

Causes reduced skeletal growth, sexual immaturity, abnormal protein metabolism - this can lead to intellectual disabilities

39
Q

Calcitonin

A

Tyroid releases calcitonin as well as thyroxin.

this hormone lowers levels of calcium in the blood and deposits them onto bones (osteoblasts)

** Opposes the action of the parathyroid hormone (PTH) which increases calcium levels in the blood and phosphate levels decrease.

40
Q

Parathyroid gland

A

4 glands embedded on the surface of the thyroid gland

Produces Parathyroid Hormone

This hormone increases calcium levels in blood and decreases phosphate

41
Q

How does the parathyroid work to increase calcium?

A

Stimulates increased absorption in the intestine

retains calcium by excreting phosphate at the kidneys

these work with osteoclasts - demineralizing the bones and increasing calcium in the blood. When calcium levels reach the appropriate level, PHT shuts off via negative feedback system.

42
Q

Tetany

A

Caused by PTH not being produced in response to low calcium levels in the blood

a person shakes from continuous muscle contractions

Happens due to low blood calcium levels which causes increase excitability of nerves which fire spontaneously

43
Q

Adrenal Glands

A

Located above each kidney

Each has an inner portion called medulla and outer portion called cortex

These have no physiological connection with each other other than hormonal

44
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

Not essential to life and can be removed

secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine directly in the blood stream in times of stress

flight or fight reaction

blood glucose and metabolic rate increase, as do breathing and heart rate

increased circulation causes the muscles to have more stamina than usual

Epinephrine is used to stimulate a person in cardiac arrest

45
Q

adrenal cortex

A

Essential to life

It makes glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids
releases a small amount of male hormones and an even smaller amount of female hormones

46
Q

Cortisol

A

the glucocorticoid responsible for the most activity

Under control of the Anterior pituitary hormone ACTH

Raises blood glucose levels in opposition to inulin

counteracts inflammatory response

Inflammation cause pain and swelling and cortisol can ease symptoms and and reduce inflammation

47
Q
A
48
Q

Aldosterone

A

mineralocorticoid that is not under control of the anterior pituitary

regulates sodium and potassium ions in the blood

primary target organ is the kidneys

promotes renal absorption of sodium and renal excretion of potassium

49
Q

melatonin

A

produced primarily at night

receives nerve impulse to the pineal gland via optic tract

melatonin and the pineal gland are involved in daily cycles Called circadian rhythms ( people get sleepy at dark and wake with the light)

Nigh shifts, and travel can disrupt this

50
Q

What two types of tissues are in the pancreas?

A

Exocrine tissue produces and secretes digestive juices via ducts into the small intestine

Endocrine tissue called pancreatic islets - produces and secretes insulin and glucagon directly into the blood stream.

51
Q

Glucose

A

main energy source for cells and body and needs to remain in normal limits

52
Q

insulin

A

secreted into beta cells of the pancreas when there is high blood glucose level which occurs right after eating

53
Q

3 purposes of insulin

A

1) Stimulates liver, fat, amino acids to take up and metabolize glucose.

2) stimulates the liver and muscles to store glucose and glycogen

3) promotes the build up of fats and proteins and inhibits their use as an energy source.

54
Q

What else does insulin do?

A

Insulin is a hormone that promotes the storage of nutrients so they are hand durning times of low blood glucose levels

55
Q

Glucagon

A

is secreted by the pancreas by alpha cells in between eating and its effects are opposite of insulin

Stimulates the breakdown of nutrients and causes blood sugar to rise

56
Q

Erythropoietin

A

the kidneys make this hormone that acts on bone marrow to release bed blood cells into the bloodstream.

without erythropoietin people can become anemic

People with kidney disease are often anemic

57
Q

what hormones do the testes produce?

A

androgens - testosterone

58
Q

what hormone do the ovaries make?

A

estrogen and progesterone

59
Q

What controls the sex hormone secretions?

A

The hypothalamus and the pituitary gland control the hormonal secretions of the ovaries and testes through FSH, and LH

60
Q

what are some functions of testosterone?

A

essential for normal development and functioning of the sex organs in males

necessary for the maturation of sperm

stimulates the growth of penis testes during puberty

responsible for muscular strength in males

causes growth of facial, body hair

61
Q

Effects of estrogen and progestogen

A

at puberty stimulates the growth of the uterus and vagina

necessary for egg maturation in the ovary

responsible for secondary sex characteristics of female body hair and fat distribution

pelvic girdle enlarges

responsible for breast development and regulation of uterine cycle

62
Q

“all sex hormones”

A

both males and females produce all sex hormones however the ratios are different.

Adrenal glands are responsible for making the opposite hormones that the gonads of the individual do not make

63
Q

Thymus

A

reaches it largest size and is most active during childhood

With age it becomes less active and

Anatomy and physiology (15 decks)

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