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Anatomy and physiology > respiratory system > Flashcards

respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

conducting portion

A

nostrils, nasal cavities,
pharynx
larynx
trachea
main bronchi
bronchioles (secondary and tertiary

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2
Q

filtration portion

A

nostrils- cilia, hair, muscus producing goblet cells

trachea and bronchi -cilia and mucus producing goblet cells

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3
Q

respirtory portion

A

respiratory bronchioles, alveolar duct, alveolar sac, alveoli

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4
Q

single cartilages

A

epiglottis, cricoid cartilage, thyroid cartilage

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5
Q

paired cartilage

A

arytenoid cartilage, corniculate cartilage, cuneiform cartilage

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6
Q

exporated

A

spit up

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7
Q

Swallowing

A

larynx elevates and the trachea is closed by the epiglottis moving inferiorly (this prevents food from entering)

the soft palette moves up to cover the nasal passageway to prevent food and liquid

then food is pushed down the esphogus

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8
Q

terminal bronchioles

A

smallest air conducting bronchioles

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9
Q

respitory bronchioles

A

transition to gas exchange

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10
Q

respiratory tract

A

made primarily of psuedostratified columnar cells - these cells have cilia that move/beat in an upward motion that help keep the respitort tract free of debris

psuedostratified because they appear to be layered, but are attached to the basement membrane

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11
Q

other respitory epithelium

A

stratified squamous epithelium- like that found in skin is found at the entrance of the respiratory system - just inside the nostril

stratified means layered and squamous means flattened

simple squamous - a single layer of flattened cells -this single layer allows for gas exchange to occur in repertory bronchioles

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12
Q

surfactant

A

a lipoprotein that covers the surface of the alveoli and keeps them from sticking together during exhalation

since the alveoli are always kept moist and water molecules are attached to each other the alveoli can be difficult to inflate without surfactant

helps maintain the circular open shape of the alveoli that are needed for gas exchange

impossible without it

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13
Q

premature babies

A

have not developed the ability to make surfactant yet, so they need to stay hospitalized until they can make it.

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14
Q

Three cell types of alveoli

A

alveolar macrophages, type 1 alveolor cells, and type two alveolar cells

type 1 - 95 percent of cells and form the thin simple squamous layer

type II - 5% these produce and secrete surfactant

can replace type 1 cells

alveolar macrophages - these are the most abundant cells in alveoli - phagocytize allergens, toxic particles, infectious bacteria/mircroorgnisms

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15
Q

What happenes once an alvelor macrophage ingests harmful particles things

A

they migrate to the ciliary surface to carry the particles to the mouth to be swallowed or exported

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16
Q

breathing

A

inspiration/expiration

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17
Q

external respiration

A

gas exchange with the environment at a respiratory surface

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18
Q

internal respiration

A

gas exchange between blood and tissue fluid

diffusion

high concentration of oxygen in the blood will move to tissues. then CO2 will diffuse into the capillaries to be expelled by the lungs

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19
Q

areobic celular respiration

A

make ATP

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20
Q

what are the three things that make diffusion and gas exchange effective

A
  1. moist 2. large in relation to body size (lungs have large surface area due to all the tiny bronchioles and large lungs) , and thin

also the lungs are highly vascularized

** air is a rich source of oxygen but it has a drying effect

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21
Q

pleurae

A

help reduce friction

provide a Negative pressure enviroment

help pull the lungs open during inhalation

usually just have a scant amount of liquid

22
Q

ventilation

A

the pleura create a negative pressure space -pressure inside is less than the outside

23
Q

what happens during inhalation

A

rib cage lifts and anteriorly and superiorly to expand lungs

diaphragm (usually dome shaped at rest) pushes down and flattens pulling the lungs open

the thoracic cavity expands and as the volume in the lungs increases the gases decrease

now there is greater air pressure outside the lungs than inside and air flows in

24
Q

exhalation

A

rib cage is lowered, diaphragm raises, thoracic pressure increases and air will naturally flow out

the lungs do not completely empty - INCOMPLETE VENTILTION

25
Q

incomplete ventilaiton

A

not all the air is expelled during exhalation leaving some old air that is warm and moist to mix with the new air

helps conserve water and maintain temperature in the lungs

26
Q

Diffusion

A

accounts for most gas exchange in the alveoli and in the blood, pulmonary capillaries

atmospheric air contains very little CO2, but blood flowing into the pulmonary capillaries is saturated with CO2

so CO2 naturally diffuses out the blood into the alveoli to be exhaled

opposite for oxygen - blood coming in to pulmonary capillaries are oxygen poor, so oxygen diffuses into the capillaries.

27
Q

hemoglobin

A

most oxygen entering the blood combines with hemoglobin to form oxyhemoglobin

28
Q

carbaminohemoglobin

A

some hemoglobin combine with CO2 about 30% is transported this way

most of the CO2 is transported in the blood as bicarbonate ion

29
Q

Boyles law

A

volume is inversely porptional to a given quantity of gas

higher pressure in smaller volume and vice Versa

30
Q

Charles law

A

the volume of a given quantity of gas is proportional to temperature

higher temperature higher volume and vice versa

31
Q

the total pressure of gas is the sum of its partial pressures of individual gases

A

daltons law

32
Q

spirometer

A

used to measure pulmonary ventilation

33
Q

tidal breathing

A

amount of air inhaled and exhaled in a round of quiet breathing

typically 500 mL

34
Q

inspiratory reserve volume

A

maximum amount of air to be inhaled beyond normal inhalation

typically 3100 ml

35
Q

Expiratory reserve volume

A

maximum amount of air to be exhaled beyond a normal exhalation (with effort/forceful)

1200 mL

36
Q

Vital capacity

A

ERV +TV+IRV

1200 mL + 3100 mL + 500 mL = 4800 mL

37
Q

Total lung Capacity

A

VC + RV

(ERV+TV+IRV) + 1200 mL

(1200 mL+500 mL+3100) + 1200 = 6000 mL

38
Q

Residual volume

A

amount of air remaining in the lungs that can not be exhaled

1200 mL

39
Q

Inspiratory capacity

A

TV+IRV

500 mL + 3100mL =3600 mL

40
Q

Tidal Volume

A

500 mL

one round of queit breathing

41
Q

Functional residual capacity

A

RV+ ERV =FRC

1200+1200=2400 mL

42
Q

cystic fibrosis

A

hereditary disease - cells produce mucus that becomes too think and clogs the respitory tract

chronic respitory infections lead to repertory failure and shortened lifespan

43
Q

pulmonary edema

A

is an accumulation of fluid in the lungs

caused by several diseases - cancer, congestive heart failure, infections

a doctor can hear a crackling sound when they listen to the chest which is the fluid filled alveoli popping open with every breath

44
Q

minute respiratory volume

A

MRV= RR (repository rate)x TV

45
Q

What pulmonary ventilation is reduced with obstructive disorders?

A

Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV) due to the inability to exhale

a person exhales rapidly as possible into a spirometer in for one minute to meaure their FEV

46
Q

What pulmonary ventilation is reduced with restrictive disorders

A

Vital capacity ( deepest breath possible) because the IRV, ERV, and TC are effected due to the limited amount of air they can be inflated.

47
Q

restrictive disorders

A

any disorder that limits the amount of air they can be inhaled (restrict the amount the lungs can expand)

pulmonary fibrosis, TB, Black lung

48
Q

obstructive disorders

A

any disorder that interferes with air flow by narrowing, blocking airway

asthma, chromic bronchitis, emphysema is both obstructive and restrictive)

49
Q

emphysema

A

restrictive and obstructive -inability to inflate the lungs as well as inability to bring air in and exhale - weekend alveoli walls

50
Q

diffusion

A

high concentration of CO2 in the blood diffuse into the alveoli to be exhaled

high concentration of O2 in the alveoli will move/diffuse into the blood capillaries to oxygenate tissues

external respiration -gas exchange with external environment of th

Anatomy and physiology (15 decks)

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