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Anatomy and physiology > Reproductive system > Flashcards

Reproductive system Flashcards

1
Q

The female reproductive system includes what internal organs?

A

The ovaries, oviducts (fallopian and uterine tubes), uterus, and vagina as well as the external genitalia collectively called the vulva

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2
Q

What does the female reproductive system need to do?

A

It must produce eggs and estrogen as well as maintain the development of the fetus after fertilization of an egg occurs

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3
Q

ovaries

A

are the main reproductive organ in females

the ovaries are two almond shaped glands

One ovary is on each side of the uterus below the uterine tubes

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4
Q

ovarian follicles

A

inside each ovary are ovarian follicles which each hold an immature egg.

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5
Q

ovulation

A

or release of a mature egg. Occurs approximately every 28 days

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6
Q

ovarian cycle

A

an egg is released from the ovarian follicle, which becomes the corpus luteum after ovulation

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7
Q

corpus luteum

A

after an egg is released from the ovarian follicle - it becomes the corpus luteum after ovulation

it helps maintain a pregnancy if an egg is fertilized - if not it disintegrates

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8
Q

what are the ducts in the female reproductive system?

A

oviducts, uterus, and vaginal canal

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9
Q

oviducts

A

also called uterine or fallopian tubes

extend from the ovaries to the uterus

each tube has three sections:

infundibulum, ampulla, and isthmus (closest to the uterus)

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10
Q

what are the three coats of the oviducts?

A

the outer serosa coat, the middle muscular coat, and inner mucosa coat

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11
Q

fimbriae

A

the oviducts are not physically touching the ovaries but instead have fingerlike projections on the infundibulum end of the tube

The fimbrae capture the egg from the ovary at the time ovulation

when the oocyte bursts from the follicle within the ovary during ovulation

It is swept into the oviduct by the combined action of the fimbriae and the beating of cillia that line the oviducts

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12
Q

ampulla

A

the middle section of the oviducts

the egg is quickly moved into the ampulla where is ir most ofter fertilized

this region nourishes the fertilized egg during early cell division

the mucosa layer of the ampulla provides nourishing fluid that allows repeated cellular divisions.

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13
Q

isthmus

A

after being in the ampulla for several days it moves to the isthmus through muscle contractions and cilia moving it towards the uterus.

the isthmus opens into the uterus - delivering the developing embryo into the uterine cavity when it is time for implantation

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14
Q

uterus

A

is a hollow, thick walled muscular organ shaped like an inverted pear connecting the uterine tubes and vagina

it is in a forward tilted position between the bladder and the rectum

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15
Q

What are the three layers of the uterus

A

the outer serous perimetrium, middle muscular myometrium, and inner glandular endometrium

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16
Q

muscular myometiurm

A

expands during pregnancy to hold the growing fetus and contracts during labor to push the baby out of the uterus

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17
Q

inner endometrium layer

A

this is where the embryo completes its development

the inner layer is shed monthly (approx, even 28 days) if the female is not pregnant which is known as menstruation or menses

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18
Q

three regions of the uterus

A

the fundus (superior region), the body, and the cervix (posterior part)

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19
Q

the fundus

A

the fundus height can be measured from the top of the pubic bone during pregnancy to provide growth rates and a crude indication of an abnormality (breach presentation or twins)

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20
Q

the body of the uterus

A

receives the fertilized ovum where it becomes implanted in the endometrium to receive nourishment and develop from an ovum to an embryo to fetus and gestate until childbirth

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21
Q

cervix

A

the lower portion of the uterus is called the cervix

it connects the uterus to the vagina and changes in size and texture.

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22
Q

what happens to the cervix prior to ovulation?

A

It swells and softens and secretes muscus allowing sperm better access to and viability within the uterus

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23
Q

what does the cervix do during pregnancy?

A

a mucus plug develops in the cervix and prevents bacteria and pathogens from entering the uterus thus protecting the health of the fetus

a firm, closed cervix also holds the developing fetus in the uterus until it reaches full term.

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24
Q

vaginal canal

A

a small opening in the cervix leads to the vaginal canal

the vagina is a muscular tube the leads from the cervix of the uterus to the outside of body

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25
Q

what does the vaginal wall consist of?

A

inner tissue layer, intermediate muscle layer, and outer tissue layer

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26
Q

what causes the wetness and moistness of the vagina

A

this is achieved by the mucus from the cervix

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27
Q

what does the outer layer of the vagina consist of?

A

elastic fibers, blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves.

the elastic fibers give the vagina wall strength and elasticity

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28
Q

mucousal lining of the vagiana

A

lies in the folds and can extend, which is important when the vagina serves as a birth canal and it also facilitates intercourse

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29
Q

vulva

A

part of the female reproductive system

external genitalia consisting of the mons pubis, vestibule, labia minora, labia majora, clitoris, urethral, and vaginal orifises

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30
Q

mons pubis

A

is a fat pad located in front of the pubic symphysis and is covered with hair after puberty

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31
Q

vestibule

A

surrounds the urethral and orifices

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32
Q

labia majora and labia minora

A

labia major - is the outer fold of skin that is located posterior to the mons pubis

labia minora- second set of skin folds surrounded by the labia majora

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33
Q

clitoris

A

anterior to the labia minora

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34
Q

orifices

A

or openings for the urethra and vagina are located inside the labia minora

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35
Q

mammary glands

A

female breast tissue

contains one to two dozen lobules- each with their own mammary duct

ducts begin at the nipple and divides into numerous ducts ending in blind sacs called alveoli

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36
Q

non lactating breasts

A

the ducts far out number the alveoli since alveoli are made up of cells that can produce milk

milk is not produced during pregnancy because prolactin is needed for lactation - milk production - to begin

prolactin is suppressed by estrogen and progesterone until a few days after the baby is delivered.

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37
Q

colostrum

A

prior to milk production the breasts produce a watery, yellowish white substance, which has a similar composition but contains a higher concentration of protein

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38
Q

Oogenesis

A

is the production of eggs in the ovaries that occurs during development of the fetus in the womb and is complete by the time of birth

therefore at the time of birth, a female has all the immature eggs that she can later ovulate during her reproductive lifetime which extends from puberty to about 50 years of age.

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39
Q

menopause

A

the end of female reproductive lifetime is known as menopause

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40
Q

oogonia

A

female stem cells, known as oogonia, undergo mitotic division into two daughter cells known as PRIMARY OOCYTES

the primary oocytes are covered by follicles known as PRIMARY FOLLICLES

this process is complete at birth

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41
Q

FSH

A

the anterior pituitary gland starts secreting follicle stimulating hormone when a female reaches puberty.

FSH causes a few follicles to mature each month

the primary oocyte in the follicle undergoes its first meiotic division into two daughter cells: the secondary oocyte and first polar body

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42
Q

polar body

A

a polar body is produced so that the chromosomes divide properly

But all the cytoplasm is “donated” from the polar body to the secondary oocyte in case of fertilization.

It takes a tremendous amount of cellular energy to sustain life during the first several cell divisions - so the secondary oocyte needs to maintain as much of the cell contents as possible

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43
Q

What happens if secondary oocyte is united with a sperm after ovulation?

A

the second meiotic division occurs which produces a second polar body and ovum with 23 chromosomes

the ovum and sperm combine their chromosomes to form a fertilized egg with 46 chromosomes

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44
Q

First polar body

A

may or may not undergo a second meiotic division

therefore a females produce two or three polar bodies and one viable gamete or ovum with 23 chromosomes.

If the secondary oocyte does not unite with a sperm, it dies and menstruation occurs.

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45
Q

Lutenizing hormone (LH)

A

around the time of ovulation, the anterior pituitary secretes a second hormone (LH)

LH causes the follicle to become the corpus luteum which is necessary for maintaining a pregnancy

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46
Q

What hormones do the ovaries produce?

A

Estrogen -Is important for the production of eggs and the menstrual cycle

It is responsible for secondary sex characteristics

progesterone- is necessary for the maintenance of pregnancy but does not promote secondary sex characteristics

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47
Q

secondary characteristics in females

A

are not directly involved in the sexual reproductive process but develop changes that occur throughout puberty

These include: enlarged breasts, widening pelvis, and fat deposits in the breasts, hips, and buttocks

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48
Q

ovarian cycle

A

is closely integrated with the menstrual cycle (uterine cycle)

Every month, the ovaries release hormones estrogen and progesterone that causes changes to the endometrium of the uterus preparing for implantation for fertilization to occur

if fertilization does not occur the endometrium is shed approx. every 28 days

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49
Q

menstrual cycle

A

divided into three phases - the menstrual phase, proliferative phase, and secretory phase

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50
Q

menstral phase

A

begins on day 1 when all the but the innermost basal layer of the endometrium is shed and continues through day 5.

the detached tissue of the endometrium and blood flow from the uterus into the vagina and exit the body via the vaginal orifice as menstrual flow

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51
Q

proliferative phase

A

occurs on days 6-14 as the endometrium rebuilds in response to increasing estrogen levels

ovulation of an egg typically occurs in the ovaries on day 14

ovulation is triggered when the anterior pituitary (in the brain) releases the luteinizing hormone (LH) as a response to high levels of estrogen

52
Q

secretory phase

A

the final phase of the menstrual cycle

occurs days 15-28

during this phase the corpus luteum begins to secrete progesterone

53
Q

what does progesterone do in the secretory phase

A

progesterone causes an increased blood supply

progesterone causes an increased blood supply in the uterus and secretion of nutrients, preparing the uterus for implantation

if fertilization has not occurred, the corpus luteum dies and the endometrium blood supply decreases because of decreased progesterone which begins the menstrual phase again.

54
Q

male reproductive system

A

includes the testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulburethral glands, urethra, and penis

55
Q

gonads

A

paired testes which are suspended within fascia sacs of the scrotum

56
Q

testes

A

the testes and the penis are the main organs of the reproductive system

the testes have the function of sperm and testosterone production

begin their development in the abdominal cavity, but they descend into scrotal sacs as development proceeds

57
Q

Testosterone

A

is a hormone produced by the interstitial cells inside the connective tissues

58
Q

seminiferous tubules

A

each testes has hundreds of lobules, and each lobule contains several seminiferous tubules where the site of sperm production takes place

59
Q

epididymus

A

where sperm travel to after they are produced to mature and remain until they are expelled outside the body

60
Q

sterility

A

is the inability to produce gametes which occurs if the testes do not descend into the scrotum

sterility occurs because sperm production requires a cooler environment than body temperature.

61
Q

duct system

A

contains the accessory organs of the male reproductive system, the epididymus, vas deferens, and the uretha

the duct system provides a place for sperm to mature and then sperm expelled from the body at the appropriate time

sperm matures in the epididymis

62
Q

epididymis

A

tightly coiled tubules that start at the superior end of the testes and then travel inferiorly along the posterior lateral sides of the testes

where sperm matures

maturation for about 20 days is required for sperm to gain the ability to swim

63
Q

vas deferens

A

once sperm are fully matured they are propelled into the vas deferens by muscular contractions

vas defrenes is contained in the spermatic cord and held in place by the spermatic facia which surrounds the vas deferns as well as bood vessels and nerves

64
Q

spermatic cord

A

this surrounds the vas deferens as well as other nerves and blood vessels

the vas deferens travels inside the spermatic cord superiorly through the inguinal canal

65
Q

inguinal canal

A

in males the inguinal canal is the location in the anterior abdominal wall for the spermatic cord to enter

after entering the abdominal wall the vas deferens continues to rise and approximately follow the pelvis until it turns posteriorly over the bladder

then it descends inferiorly to the base of the prostate gland where it connects with the duct of the seminal vesicle to form the ejaculatory duct

66
Q

ejaculatory duct

A

connects with the urethra to provide a means for the sperm to exit the body

during arousal, the smooth muscles of the vas deferens contract and sperm enter the urethra, part of which is inside the penis

67
Q

vasectomy

A

can be performed to lead to permanent sterility

in this procedure the vas deferens is cut and tied which permanently prevents sperm from exiting the body to fertilize an egg.

it does not effect testosterone, therefore male secondary characteristics remain intact

68
Q

male urethra

A

travels from the bladder to the penis carrying urine.

it is part of both the urinary system and reproductive systems because it functions to transport both sperm and urine outside the body

only reproductive or urinary function can occur at a given time (not at the same time)

69
Q

three regions of the male urethra

A

prostatic urethra, membranous urethra, and spongy urethra

70
Q

prostatic urethra

A

is surrounded by the prostate gland

71
Q

membraneous urethra

A

begins at the end of the prostatic urethra and travels to the penis

72
Q

spongy urethra

A

runs through the penis and opens to the outside at the external orifice

73
Q

external genitalia (male)

A

the penis and scrotum

74
Q

penis

A

a cylindrical organ that hangs in front of the scrotum

spongy erectile tissue containing distensible blood spaces extends through the shaft of the penis

penis has two parts - the shaft and glans penis

75
Q

shaft of penis

A

long cylindrical part of the penis made up of left and right corpus cavernosum and one corpus spongiosum

76
Q

glans penis

A

is the enlarged tip of the penis.

at birth a fold of skin called foreskin is located on the glans penis

77
Q

erection

A

during arousal, nervous system reflexes cause an increase in arterial blood flow to the penis

in an erection, the spaces fill with blood in the erectile tissue and penis, which is normally limp, stiffens and increases in size

an erection functions to enable the penis to be inserted into the vagina when sexually aroused to deposit sperm into the female reproductive tract

78
Q

scrotum

A

a pouch of skin that holds the testes outside the body just posterior to the penis, held in place by the spermatic fascia

the testes must be held outside for sperm production

the skin of the scrotum and adjust to outside temperature, contracting when outside temp is cold -getting heat from the body

they expand away from the body in warmer temperature to keep sperm away from higher body temp

79
Q

semen

A

male reproductive system also contains accessory glands that produce semen - a thick whitish fluid that contains sperm and accessory gland secretions-

some components are fructose (sugar for fuel) , prostaglandins (facilitates movement), relaxin (enhances motility), alkaline pH (protective), and antibiotic (to kill any bacteria in the male urethra or female reproductive system that would kill sperm.

80
Q

three semen glands

A

seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands

81
Q

seminal vesicles

A

paired seminal vesicles lie at the base of the bladder where they each join with a vas deferens to form an ejaculatory duct that enters the urethra

as sperm pass from the vas deferens to the urethra, the seminal vesicles secrete a think, viscous fluid containing nutrients (fructose, vitamin C, and prostaglandins) for use by sperm

82
Q

prostate gland

A

just below the bladder

it secretes a milky alkaline fluid helping to increase the motility of sperm

in older men the prostate can become enlarged, constricting the urethra and making urination slow or difficult

83
Q

bulbourethral gland

A

slightly below the prostate and on either side of the urethra is a small pair of glands - bulbourethral glands

these secrete alkaline fluid- the first fluid to be released during ejaculation

the acidity in urine is harmful to sperm - so this secreted fluid neutralizes the acidity of any urine remaining inside the urethra

urine and ejaculaiton can not occur at the same time.

84
Q

spermatogenesis

A

production of testosterone (male reproductive systems two jobs are sperm and testosterone production)

can take 64-72 days to complete

at the onset of puberty males start producing sperm

unlike females who have all their eggs at birth, men produce sperm throughout their lifetime

85
Q

spermatogonia

A

sperm are formed from spermatogonia in the seminiferous tubules located in the testes

these are stem cells that go through mitotic divisions (46 chromosomes each beginning at birth until puberty.

once puberty begins the anterior pituitary glands begins to secrete FSH

once FSH is released the spermatogonia undergo one cell division - one of the cells continues the stem cell line

the other cell becomes the primary spermatocyte that undergoes meiosis

86
Q

primary spermatocyte

A

after FSH is released, the spermatogonia undergoes one cell division making one cell that continues the stem line and one that becomes the primary spermatocyte that undergoes meiosis

meiosis produces four gametes with 23 chromosomes each known as spermatids

all four spermatids are viable gametes

87
Q

spermiogenesis

A

spermatids are not mature sperm yet and undergo spermiogenesis

this is the final stage of spermatogenesis - where the surplus of cytoplasm is stripped away forming the mature sperm cell

88
Q

three parts of mature sperm

A

head, midpeice, tail

89
Q

head of sperm

A

is almost entirely nucleus containing the cell DNA with a crown called the acrosome, which contains enzymes that break down the membrane of the egg to allow the sperm to penetrate.

90
Q

midpiece of sperm

A

contains numerous mitochondria that generate the locomotive energy needed by the sperm

tremendous amounts of energy are needed to swim all the way through the female reproductive tract to contact the ovum

91
Q

tail of sperm

A

is a typical flagellum, which is used to propel the sperm through the female reproductive tract

92
Q

testosterone

A

producing testosterone is one of the two jobs of the male reproductive system

the production of it starts in puberty in a male when the anterior pituitary secretes LH and FSH together

testosterone stimulates growth in males. It also stimulates secondary sex characteristics, such as broad shoulders, deep voice, increased muscle size and bone density, and increased hair

93
Q

gametes

A

humans reproduce through sexual reproduction which involves sex cells called gametes

gametes are specialized eggs (oocytes) in females or sperm (spermatocytes) in males

94
Q

copulation

A

is the sexual union to facilitate the reception of sperm by a female

in reproduction the offspring inherits half their genes from one parent and half from the other

therefore an offspring has a different combination of genes than either parent

in this way variation is introduces and maintained

variation is advantageous to a species if the environment is changing because an offspring may be better adapted than either of the parent

95
Q

diploid

A

human cells throughout the body contain 46 chromosomes

these are called diploid because they contain 2n or the full number of chromosomes

diploid cells undergo mitosis during cell division

96
Q

mitosis

A

during mitosis as a cell grows, it divides into two cells each containing 46 chromosomes

97
Q

haploid

A

gamete cells are haploid cells (n) because they contain 23 chromosomes instead of 46

when gametes mature the cell divides two times

the first division of the gametes is a mitotic division and the second division is known as meiosis, which only occurs in reproductive cells

98
Q

meiosis

A

only occurs in reproductive cells

during meiosis, gametes divide to form 4 gametes, each with only half the chromosomes needed (23)

99
Q

zygote

A

when a sperm gamete and egg gamete combine they form a zygote, a fertilized egg

it has a total of 46 chromosomes again

after fertilization the zygote continues to divide by mitosis, developing into a baby

100
Q

what do the 46 chromosomes of a zygote determine?

A

it determines the entirety of the genetic characteristics of the offspring, such as eye color and skin color.

also sex is determined by chromosomes

males have one X chromosome and one Y, and female are XX

therefore sex is determined by the father’s sperm cell (whether they receive and X or Y)

101
Q

pregnancy

A

begins with fertilization of an egg by sperm to form a zygote

sperm is viable for 3-5 days after ejaculaiton depending on the environment and an egg can survive for 24 hours after ovulation

in oder for fertilization to occur it must happen within 1 day of ovulation to up to 2 days prior to ovulation

fertilization normally happens in the oviducts where the egg releases chemicals to attract the sperm

102
Q

cornea radiata

A

sperm cells release an enzymes that break apart the cornea radiata, follicle surrounding the egg

once that is accomplished more sperm release acrosomal enzymes that make a hole in the membrane of an egg allowing one sperm to combine with the egg

once the sperm and egg unite, the membrane of the egg instantly chemically changes preventing other sperm from penetrating the egg

103
Q

morula

A

the zygote begins frequent mitotic divisions as it travels through the oviducts

the zygote spends 3-4 days undergoing mitosis in the oviducts forming the morula

104
Q

blastocyst

A

after the morula is formed, it spends another 3-4 days undergoing mitosis while unattached to the uterus, forming the blastocyst as the endometrium prepares for implantation

105
Q

what sustains the blastocyst

A

progesterone is released from the corpus luteum, the endometrium increases its blood supply and secretes glycogen

both of these actions help sustain the blastocyst before it implants in the endometrium

106
Q

human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)

A

the corpus luteum is stimulated to release progesterone because the blastocyst releases HCG

the presence of HCG in the urine will result in a positive pregnancy test taken at home

107
Q

when does the blastocyst implant?

A

it implants in the endometrium around day 7.

upon implantation the blastocyst develops three layers which become the embryo - the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm

other cells of the blastocysts form supportive cells for embryonic function - amnion, placenta, and umbilical cord

108
Q

placenta

A

a temporary organ that carries out the nutritive, respiroty, excretory, and endocrine functions for the embryo

the fetus continues to grow in the uterus with nutrition provided by the placenta for nine months until it is time for delivery

109
Q

amnion

A

the amnion form a sac filled with fluid to cushion and protect the fetus

110
Q

umbilical cord

A

attaches the embryo the placenta

111
Q

ectoderm layer

A

the skin and nervous tissue develop from the outer ectoderm layer of the blastocyst

112
Q

endoderm layer

A

the inner endoderm layer forms the glands (thyroid, parathyroid, and thymus)

solid organs the pancreas and liver

lining of hollow organs of the digestive and respitory systems

113
Q

mesoderm layer

A

all other tissues, including the cardiovascular system, red blood cells, and muscles develop from the middle mesoderm layer of the blastocyst

114
Q

three trimesters

A

1st - 1-3 months
2nd - 4-6 moths
3rd- 7-9 months

key body systems develop in the first trimester including nervous and cardiovascular systems

just after implantation, the heart begins to beat around week 3

by week 6 it can be detected by an ultrasound

the head shape is developed by the end of 1st trimester but is disproportionately large

115
Q

neurulation

A

by week 5 nearulation occurs- this is the formation of the neural tube that form the outer folds of the ectoderm

see diagram

the blue portions on the lateral sides of the diagram move together (convergence) forming the epidermis superficially

the neural fold in green forms underneath the epidermis, becoming the neural crest

the neural plate in purple becomes the neural groove and then finally the neural tube once convergence is complete

the anterior portion of the neural tube becomes the brain and the rest of the neural tube became the brainstem and spinal cord

116
Q

spina bifida

A

if neurulation does not completely close the neural tube, a disorder called spinal bifida occurs

people with spina bifida have varying levels of sensory and or motor disabilities, depending on the region or extent of the neural tube dysfunction

pregnant mothers are recommended to take folic acid supplements to prevent neural tube defects

117
Q

fetus

A

by the end of week 8, the embryo is now considered a fetus and begins to move but is still to small during the first trimester to fell fetal movement by the mother

arms and legs being to form and by week 13 the fetus has all moveable joints, fingers, and toes

the ears, nose, and eyes begin to form but are not in the correct position yet

118
Q

second trimester

A

the eyes, nose and ears move to the correct location on the face

the head and body form to proper proportions

by 16 weeks the eyes are developed enough to detect light and dark

unique fingerprints develop on the hands

the mother begins to feel fetal movement (around 18-21 weeks)

lanugo (fetal hair develops to keep fetus warm

fetus develops sleep/wake cycles, and heart begins to beat in regular patterns

119
Q

third trimester

A

characterized by continual development of the systems already in place

for males, testes descend into the scrotum

the baby increases in weight and begins to develop fat under the skin

sucking reflex which is vital for feeding begin to develop around 32 weeks

two development milestone for survival outside the uterus include lung maturation and temperature self-regulation

by end of pregnancy a baby is typically between 19-22 inches and 6-10 pounds

120
Q

labor and delivery

A

pregnancy ends with this phase which typically occurs at 40 weeks but varies from 38-42 weeks

can be divided into three phases - dilation of cervix, delivery of the baby, delivery of the placenta

121
Q

dilation of cervix

A

is the time it takes for the cervix to dilate to 10 cm

during this stage the uterus contracts which pushes the baby against the cervix causing it to dilate/widen

this stage of labor is the longest lasting an average of 6-10 hours

oxytocin is released by the posterior pituitary gland to stimulate contractions in the myometrium of the uterus

as contractions continue oxytocin is increasingly released until the baby is born

122
Q

delivery of baby

A

this second stage is the time it takes for the baby to be pushed out of the birth canal after full dilation has occurred

the mother uses abdominal muscles to push the baby with the help of uterine contractions, through the cervix and out the vagina

this stage is shorter on average lasting 50 mins in first delivery and 20 mins in later deliveries

after the baby is born the umbilical cord is cut and tied

123
Q

breech

A

babies are typically born head first, but is the baby is in a different position (like buttock first they are breech

this can cause complications for a mother and Child

in breech and other long and difficult deliveries a cesarean section is preformed which is delivery through surgical incision made through the abdominal and uterine wall

124
Q

delivery of placenta

A

third and final stage is when the placenta is pushed out of the birth canal

the placenta is referred to as after birth

this should occur within 15 mins of the birth of the child

the entire placenta needs to delivered or removed or the uterine bleeding with continue

125
Q

menarche

A

first menstruation

beginning of reproductive life of female at first menstruation

Anatomy and physiology (15 decks)

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