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vets 1025 > companion animal husbandry and management > Flashcards

companion animal husbandry and management Flashcards

1
Q

factors that effect the way animals are cared for and managed (4 things)

A
  • principles of husbandry
  • environmental enrichment
  • housing
  • basic anatomy and physiology
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2
Q

7 basic needs of all animals that ensure physical and mental wellbeing
WAPPECO

A
  • warm, comfort and security
  • companionship, mental stimulation and opportunities for expression of normal behaviours
  • protection from disease and injury
  • protection from fear and distress
  • exercise
  • appropriate feed and water
  • opportunity to defecate and urinate away from sleeping and eating areas
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3
Q

what does warmth, comfort and security include

A
  • appropriate temperature, humidity and light cycles
  • dry and draught free
  • darker areas for sleeping w suitable bedding
  • somewhere to hide
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4
Q

what does protection from injury and disease include

A
  • safe housing
  • hygiene and cleaning
  • health care
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5
Q

what do exercise requirements depend on (4 things)

A

breed, age, health status, life age

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6
Q

feed needs to be what 5 things

A
  • complete (contain all 6 classes of essential nutrients)
  • balanced
  • digestible and utilisable
  • palatable
  • acceptable
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7
Q

what are the 6 classes of essential nutrients

A

water, carbs, fats, proteins, minerals, vitamins

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8
Q

how often should you replace water and how many sources

A

replace daily, 2 sources

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9
Q

what is the purpose of environmental enrichment

A

process of adding one or more factors to an animals environment in order to improve the physical and psychological welfare of the animal

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10
Q

what are the 4 attributes of the environment which together meet an animals psychological needs
NACS

A
  • security (most important)
  • complexity (locomotive and exploratory activities)
  • achievement (controlling their environment ex a kong)
  • novelty (a degree of unpredictability)
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11
Q

housing depends on

A
  • breed of dog vs type of home
  • purpose of animal
  • facility design
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11
Q

what are some housing situations for cats

A

indoor, outdoor, individual commercial housing, combination

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11
Q

what are some housing situations for dogs

A

outdoor, indoor, run, corridor, circular parasol

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12
Q

what must be done prior to disinfecting

A

good and thorough cleaning

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13
Q

4 elements of an effective sanitation program

A

1) clean then disinfect
2) use effective products
3) clean where it counts and be meticulous
4) minimize stress and fomite transmission

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14
Q

what is a carrier

A

an animal which is infected and infectious to other animals but not currently showing signs of disease

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15
Q

a carrier can be animals that are (3 things)

A
  • just about to get sick
  • recently recovered
  • chronically infected
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16
Q

what are modes of tranmission

A

vectors, direct contact, droplets, airborne, fomites

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17
Q

what is dose effect

A

to create a disease you need more than one or 2 germs, often dose is in millions or billions, therefore higher the dose higher the likelihood of disease, faster transmission, more severe disease

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18
Q

dose required depends on both

A

virulence of germ in question and the animal’s immune status

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19
Q

true or false, when looking at sanitation methods we need to attain zero dose

A

false, just lower dose enough that animals immune system can ward off the rest

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20
Q

soap/ detergent

A

cleaning agent which works by suspending the dirt and grease, do not kill microorganisms

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21
Q

disinfectant

A

chemical agent which kills harmful microorganisms, does not remove dirt or grease

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22
Q

degreaser;

A

more powerful soap/ detergent specially formulated to penetrate layers of dried on body oils and other greasy debris

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23
Q

what should be the order of cleaning

A

cleanest areas + most vulnerable animals first (iso)

most contaminated areas and least vulnerable animals last (treatment)

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24
Q

in terms of litter _____ is better

A

less

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25
Q

litter tray can act as a

A

fomite

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26
Q

what material should you use for food and water bowls

A

stainless steel

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27
Q

cats have a large olfactory mucosa, what does this indicate

A

importance of smell

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28
Q

what are functions of cat tongue

A

eating, grooming, temperature detection, taste

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29
Q

what does the cats vomeronasal organ (VNO) do

A

detects pheremones

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30
Q

what is the flehman response

A

when the animal lifts its head after finding an odorant, wrinkle its nose, lift lups and cease to breathe in order to direct inhaled compounds to the vomeronasal organ (VNO)

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31
Q

what is the most highly developed sense for dogs

A

smell

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32
Q

is there a flehman response in dogs

A

some say yes some say no

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33
Q

where is the dogs VNO

A

near hard palate

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34
Q

what are some examples of dogs using their nose for social interaction

A

initial greeting nose to nose (naso-naso)

life story via smelling anal glands (naso-ano)

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35
Q

cats vision is designed to

A

collect maximum amount of light

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36
Q

true or false sight is highly developed in a cat

A

true

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37
Q

what is tapetum lucidum in a cats eye

A

mirror like structure which creates green shine at night that enables sight un almost total darkness

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38
Q

what does a cats third eyelid do

A

lubricate the cornea

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39
Q

can cats see colour

A

yes with limited perception, better than dogs

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40
Q

true or false sight is highly developed in the dog

A

true
although visual detail and silhouette is poor

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41
Q

true or false dogs are more aware of movement at the front of them

A

false, more aware of movement at side of head

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42
Q

can cat ears (pinna) move independently of eachother

A

yes, can be pricked towards sound with amazing accuracy to pinpoint prey

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43
Q

who has higher frequency hearing, cats or dogs

A

cats

44
Q

cats sensitive hearing allows for what (socialization wise)

A

wide range of vocalizations for communicating

45
Q

dogs hearing can play an important role in

A

orientation

46
Q

like cats, dog hearing can also

A

rapidly pinpoint where a noise is coming from

47
Q

how many teeth do cats have, how many upper and lower, what are the types and what are they used for

A

30 total, 16 upper, 14 lower
- tiny incisors: ripping and scraping
- canines; holding, killing, tearing
- premolars and molars used to cut meat into ingestible pieces because cats cannot chew

48
Q

dog teeth, how many, upper and lower, what kinds and what used for

A

42 total, 20 upper, 22 lower
- incisors; cutting and nibbling
- canines; holding and tearing
- premolars; cutting, holding, shearing
-molars; grinding

49
Q

how to gender a cat

A
  • vulva: vertical slit
  • penile opening; circle with scrotum on top
  • distance between anus and genitals is bigger in males
  • think female anatomy looks like a lollipop w anus close to vertical slit (ew lol)
50
Q

how to sex a puppy

A

penis further up their belly under umbilical cord

vulva much closer to anus

51
Q

how young can cats experience first heat

A

4 months

52
Q

how long is cats heat cycle

A

14-21 days, length of oestrous is about 4 days

53
Q

described cats ovulation

A

INDUCED ovulators, polyoestrus but experience anoestrus in autumn and late winter, can come into season again shortly after giving birth

54
Q

polyoestrous and anoestrus meaning

A

having more than one period of estrus a year (heat)

anoestrus is a period of sexual inactivity

55
Q

how long does sex last for cats

A

several hours in unacquainted pairs or very brief in cats who know eachother
*genital contact lasts 10 seconds at the most
*experienced males rarely get beaten up

56
Q

what does cat ejaculation induce and why

A

loud piercing cry from female with explosive separation, due to anatomy of penis, stress invoked stimulates the nervous and hormonal reactions that induce ovulation

57
Q

when do bitches experience their first heat

A

6-8 months of age

58
Q

dogs are dioestrous, what does that mean

A

they go into heat twice a year

59
Q

how long does dog oestrus (heat) last

A

4-13 days (usually 9)

60
Q

what happens during dog intercourse and why

A

tying, engorgement of glands penis, locks penis in vagina while ejaculation occurs, can last 5-20 mins ish

61
Q

how long is dog gestation

A

63 days

62
Q

how long is cat gestation

A

65 days

63
Q

when does dog vs cat ovulation occur

A

dogs is spontaneous, cats is 24-56 hours post mating

64
Q

nutrition is

A

the science of the interaction of a substance with part of animal to promote optimal performace and/or function

65
Q

dietetics is

A

provision of food in order to supply nutrients in the amounts and proportions that promote a specified performance

66
Q

energy is measured in

A

kcal

67
Q

how many calories in 1 kcal

A

1000 calories= 1kcal

68
Q

a calorie is measure by

A

the amount of heat required to raise 1 g of water by 1 degrees at a specified temp

69
Q

digestibility is the porportion digested by the animal, which is the difference between

A

content of nutrient (%DM dry matter) in food and quantity (%DM) in feces

70
Q

bioavailability

A

relationship between amount of nutrient absorbed and the amount utilized by the body

71
Q

nutrients are measured on (3 things)

A
  • % fed
  • % dry matter (DM) refers to non water nutrients of a diet
  • on a caloric basis (amount of nutrient per kcal of metabolizable energy) *** best for comparing diets
72
Q

6 major classes of nutrients found in food

A

water
carbs
fat
protein
minerals
vitamins

way to remember: when can fat people visit me

73
Q

what class of nutrient is required in the largest amount

A

water

74
Q

generally how much water do dogs and cats require

A

33-66ml/kg/day
dogs approx = to MER
cats approx = to RER

75
Q

factors affecting water intake

A
  • temp
  • type of diet
  • exercise
  • physiologic state
  • health
76
Q

vitamins are classified as: (2)

A

fat soluble (ADE,K)
- require fat and bile salts for absorption, stored in body lipid deposits- more resistant to deficiency, more likely to cause toxicity

water soluble (B complex and C)
- limited storage; increased depletion rate and greater risk of deficiency

77
Q

what are the macro minerals

A

calcium, chloride, magnesium, phosphorous, potassium and sodium

78
Q

what are the micro minerals

A

copper, iron, Magnesium, zinc

79
Q

Ca:P ratio is crucial in diets, what is ideal ratio what what do they do

A

1.2 : 1
work together to maintain growth and structure of skeletal system

80
Q

fibre can be referred to as ____ or _____

A

soluble or insoluble

81
Q

is fibre essential? what does it do?

A
  • technically no
  • binds water and increases fecal bulk
  • influences nutrient absorption and adsorption
  • maintains the structural integrity of the intestinal mucosa
82
Q

what are the energy yielding nutrients (3)

A

carbs, proteins, fats

83
Q

how much of the dry matter is used for energy

A

50-80%

84
Q

what is GE

A

gross energy; heat produced when the doos is completely burned

85
Q

what is FE

A

fecal energy; energy lost in feces

86
Q

what is UE

A

urinary energy; energy lost from urine

87
Q

what is GPD

A

gaseous products of digestion; energy lost as gases from the GI tract

88
Q

what is DE

A

digestible energy = GE-FE

89
Q

what is ME

A

metabolizable energy

90
Q

what is NE, what are the two types

A

net energy,
NE for maintenance (Nem) and NE for production (Nep) (ie growth, lactation, reproduction etc) or used for both (nem+p)

91
Q

for NE for production energy is lost as heat during digestion, absorption and use of foods, what is this referred to as?

A

heat increment (HI)

92
Q

4 types of carbs, what they used for

A

1) monosaccarides
2) disaccharides
3) oligosaccharides
4) polysaccharides
- primarily used as energy source but may be converted to body fat for storage

93
Q

protein and amino acids usually comprise how how of dry matter of foods

A

20-50%

94
Q

what are the 2 types of amino acids;

A
  • non essential; made by the body
  • essential; not synthesized by body at all or rate is too slow to meet demands
95
Q

two types of essential amino acids for cats only

A

arginine and taurine, only found in animal tissue, cats have high requirements due to low rate of synthesis and high loss through intestine

96
Q

cats are obligate ____

A

carnivores

they do not have range of biochemical processes that convert nutrient from plant and animal sources into what they require, must obtain these nutrients through animal sources
*not only obtained by eating flesh but they exploit digestive processes of their prey and eat digested vegetables from prey

97
Q

dogs are (carnivore, omnivore, herbivore?)

A

omnivores

98
Q

3 methods of feeding

A
  • ad lib; food always available
  • time restricted: more food than animal requires for specified time 3-5 mins usually
  • food restricted: feeding set amount based on caloric density and nutritional/ metabolic requirements
99
Q

food requirements for optimal health influenced by

A
  • individual variation
  • temp, humidity, air movement
  • stress
  • physical activity
  • stage of life
  • health status
100
Q

how is energy requirements determined

A

by calculating resting energy requirements RER measured as kcal/day

linear equation: 30x BW+70 (limited to 2-45 kg)
or
exponential equation 70 x BW^0.75

101
Q

maintenance energy requirement (MER) calculated by

A

multiplying RER by pre-determined factors

102
Q

calculating amount to feed

A

MER / metabolizable energy in food = amount to feed

103
Q

dogs prefer ____, _____ meals

cats prefer _____, _____ meals

A

large infrequent

small frequent

104
Q

what is a way owners accidentally make their cats fat

A

they thinking feeding them more will stop hunting

or they think hunting= hunger (it doesn’t they just have strong hunting drive)

105
Q

feeding amount of base diet should be reduced by ____% to allow for treats

A

10%

106
Q

what is the purpose of a regular weigh in, what is it useless without

A
  • helps detect trends in weight
  • useless unless accompanies by BCS
107
Q

what are clinical indicators of nutrition

A
  • coat and skin health
  • gas production
  • activity level
  • skeletal health
  • defecation frequency and consistency
108
Q

what are 2 nutritional goals

A
  • optimal feeding to maximize physiologic health
  • by improving external indicators of health and also improving function of internal organ system

vets 1025 (42 decks)

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