poultry functional anatomy and commercial production

Question 1

broiler breeds

Answer 1

• new hampshire (red)
• brahma (white)
• plymouth rock (brindle)
• cornish game (brown)
• croad langshan (black)

Question 2

modern broiler lines

Answer 2

mixed breeds selected to be all white (recessive gene) because people don’t like to see dark feathers in super market

Question 3

layer breeds

Answer 3

• leghorn; white
• rhode; red

Question 4

60% of turkeys produced in

Answer 4

US and Canada

Question 5

in the wild male turkeys are much ____ than females

Answer 5

bigger
males; 8-14 kg
females 3.5-7.5 kg

Question 6

birds have a very high

Answer 6

metabolic rate
- high oxygen demand
- high efficiency to growth and eggs

Question 7

purpose of feathers

Answer 7

• flight
• insulation from cold and rain
• sensory receptors
• protection

Question 8

do birds have teeth

Answer 8

no

Question 9

how is bird waste excretion different from mammals

Answer 9

excreted from only one orifice

Question 10

what is a chickens crop

Answer 10

muscular bag at bottom of neck, stores feed that the slowly digest throughout the day

Question 11

birds stomach

Answer 11

two parts:
- proventriculus where digestive enzymes excreted to begin digestion
- gizzard, very muscular and hard

Question 12

waste orifice name

Answer 12

cloaca

Question 13

how long does digestion take in a chicken

Answer 13

3 hours, highly efficient

Question 14

do chickens have a diaphragm

Answer 14

no, they are abdominal breathers

Question 15

where does the yolk sack attach

Answer 15

meckel’s diverticulum

Question 16

intestinal feces

Answer 16

firm, white on top (white urate acid crystals) excreted from kidneys

Question 17

caecal feces

Answer 17

every 8-10 droppings, expulsion from caeca, liquidy, not diarrhea

Question 18

how much soft (caecal) feces in normal

Answer 18

10%

Question 19

what may bloody, mucousy, or green feces indicate

Answer 19

coccidia

Question 20

what may diarrhea look like

Answer 20

more than 10% of poop is soft may indicate diarrhea, may also be foamy

Question 21

super watery feces may indicate

Answer 21

high water intake or too much salt in diet

Question 22

common poultry parasites

Answer 22

coccidia, tapeworm, roundworm

Question 23

describe respiratory system of poultry

Answer 23

one way system, highly efficient but air sacs v susceptible to bacterial and fungal infection

Question 24

feather barb and barbules

Answer 24

each branch off the “stem” is a barb and the hair like structures of the barb are barbules

Question 25

stress or fault bars

Answer 25

• light strips on feathers, turns up after stressful events, feather may break, could also be nutritional problem
• easy to see on dark birds

Question 26

layer production vs broiler production vs breeder farm

Answer 26

eggs, meat, fertile eggs

Question 27

most chicken meat is produced in

Answer 27

intensive commercial production

Question 28

backyard layers are what percent of australian flock

Answer 28

2%

Question 29

most eggs produced. by

Answer 29

intensive commercial production, large movement towards free range due to the consumer

Question 30

vertical integration

Answer 30

company controls different stages along the supply chain

controls two or more steps of production, processing and marketing, controls management decisions in the production system

Question 31

australian poultry farming is highly vertically integrated what does this mean

Answer 31

six large integrated companies supply up to 95% of total aus chicken meat

minimizes use of inputs

Question 32

what are the levels of vertical integration for broilers and turkeys

Answer 32

• breeder parent stock –>
• breeding and multiplication (feed mill, company owned and contract farms go into this level) –>
• hatchery –>
• commercial rearing (feed mill, company owned and contract farms go into this level) –>
• slaughter and processing –>
• distribution

Question 33

what are the levels of vertical integration for layers

Answer 33

• breeder parent stock –>
• breeding and multiplication (feed mill, company owned and contract farms go into this level) –>
• hatchery
• pullet rearing (feed mill, company owned and contract farms go into this level) –>
• egg laying and production –>
• grading and distribution

Question 34

on which vertical integrated level is biosecurity the highest

Answer 34

breeder parent stock

Question 35

how are females bred

Answer 35

AI

Question 36

broiler intensive system

Answer 36

grown inside purpose- built, environmentally controlled shed
commercially prepared nutrient-specific rations

Question 37

broiler free range

Answer 37

similar to intensive w access to outdoor range areas

Question 38

broiler organic

Answer 38

similar to free range but with organically certified rations, no antibiotics used

Question 39

RSPCA approved farming scheme, how many farms accredited

Answer 39

70-80% of aus meat chickens

Question 40

how many farms free range

Answer 40

18-20% accredited by free range egg and poultry australia

Question 41

how many farms are certified organic

Answer 41

less than 1%

Question 42

how many farms not accredited under any of mentioned schemes (RSPCA, free range or organic)

Answer 42

less than 20%

Question 43

free range

Answer 43

access to an outdoor area during daylight hours for minimum of 8 hrs per day (exception of bad weather or serious disease outbreak)