Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy Test 4 > histology 5- blood and hematopoesis > Flashcards

histology 5- blood and hematopoesis Flashcards

1
Q

blood volume of average male and female

A

male- 5-6 liters

female 4-5 liters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

functions of blood

A
  1. distribution
  2. regulation
  3. protection
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

distribution

A

a. Delivery of oxygen and nutrients
b. Removal of metabolic wastes and carbon dioxide
c. Transportation of hormones and other regulatory substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

regulation

A

a. Thermoregulation
b. Acts as buffer (acid-base balance)
c. Maintains correct proportion of blood to tissue fluid volume (osmotic
balance)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

protection

A

a. Participates in coagulation

b. Protects from pathogenic agents, foreign proteins, and transformed cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

2 main compositions units of blood

A

formed elements

plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

formed elements..arise from?

A

all arise via hematopoiesis from a pluripotential stem cell, otherwise known as a hemopoietic stem cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

formed elements parts

A
  1. cells

2. cell fragments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

cells of formed elements in blood

A
  1. erythrocytes or red blood cells

2. leukocytes or white blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

erythrocytes

A

• Not a true cell (no nucleus or organelles)
• Main function: transportation of respiratory gases
• Specific formation process: erythropoiesis
most numerous, bag of hemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

leukocytes

A
  • True cell
  • Main function: protection of body
  • Specific formation process: leukopoiesis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

cell fragments

A

platelets or thrombocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

platelets or thrombocytes

A
  • Not a true cell (just cell fragments)
  • Main function: essential for clotting process
  • Specific formation process: thrombopoiesis/thrombocytopoiesis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

hematocryte? males, females and what if its under this number

A

% of total volume of blood made up of erythrocytes

39-50% males, 35-45% females, if under this…said to be anemic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

if you centrifuge blood what do you get

A

plasma ~55%
buffer coat 1%- platelets, leukocytes
red blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

function of plasma

A

mainly water, but buffer for a lot of things

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

plasma contents

A

92% water

7% plasma proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

most numerous plasma proteins

A

albumins 58%
globulins 37%
fibrinogen 4%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

albumins…numbers…size…function..production site

A
  • smallest and most numerous plasma proteins
  • produced in the liver
  • function as transport proteins for several steroid hormones and for fatty acids
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

globulins site of production….function

A
  • produced in liver and by plasma cells, which develop from B lymphocytes.
  • antibodies (immunoglobins) help attack viruses and bacteria
  • alpha and beta globulins help transport iron, lipids, and fat-soluble vitamins.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

fibrinogen sit of production…function…size

A
  • liver
  • blood clotting
  • largest
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

other solutes in plasma (1.5%)

A 
nutrients
gases
waste
hormones
enzymes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

white blood cells %

A 
Never let monkeys eat bananas
neutrophils 60-70%
lymphocytes 20-25%
monocytes 3-8% 
eosinophils 2-4%
basophils .5-1%
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

blood smear

A

wright’s stain. includes methylene blue and azures which are basic and eosin which is acidic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q 
erythrocyte
 Function:
• Diameter: 
• Thickness: 
• Rate of Release: 
• Produced: 
• Life Span: 
• Structure:
A

Function: Bind oxygen for delivery to body tissues and (to an extent) bind carbon dioxide for removal from body tissues.
• Shape: Biconcave disc
• Diameter: 7.8μm
• Thickness: 2.6μm at edge; 0.8μm at center
• Rate of Release: 2 million/sec
• Produced: Via erythropoiesis in red bone marrow
• Life Span: 120 days
• Structure: Bag of hemoglobin
very strong and flexible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

why are red blood cells biconcave disc?

A

increases surface area, lets distance for diffusion of gases, doesnt take as long

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

how to RBC make ATP

A

glycolysis, no mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

fate of old RBC

A

90% phagocytosized in various organs

10% broken down in blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

why is it good RBC are flexible

A

so they can fix through capillaries that they are bigger than

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

hemoglobin is composed of what

A
  1. 4 globin polypeptide chains- 2 alpha 2 beta
  2. 4 heme pigment/group- each heme group contains 1 iron atom
    1 heme group per chain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

oxygen binds to iron

A
  • one oxygen molecule binds reversibly with one iron atom
  • four oxygen molecules bind per hemoglobin protein (since four chains per hemoglobin, each with one heme group containing one iron atom)
  • approximately 250 million hemoglobin molecules per RBC, so a RBC can carry 1 billion oxygen molecules
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

how are leukocytes divided into their 2 classes

A

on whether they contain conspicuous cytoplasmic granules made visible by staining and the shape of their nuclei

33
Q

two classes of leukocytes

A
  1. polymorphonuclear granulocytes

2. mononuclear agranulocytes

34
Q

polymorphonuclear granulocytes and what 3 make this class up

A

contain specific granules and nuclei with two or
more lobes; also contain azurophilic granules.
1. neutrophils
2. eosinophils
3. basophils

35
Q

Mononuclear Agranulocytes and what 2 make this class up

A

do not contain specific granules and nuclei are rounded or indented; do contain azurophilic granules.

  1. lymphocytes
  2. monocytes
36
Q

3 types of lymphocytes

A
  1. B cells
  2. T cells
  3. NK cells
37
Q

neutrophil function…cytoplasm..nucleus

A
  • phagocytes- first cells in area of tissue damage
  • small fait lavender granules
  • darkish, serverl lobes (2-5)
38
Q

eosinophil function…cytoplasm…nucleus

A
  • defense against protozoans or parasites (flatworms). release histaminase-enzyme involved with allergic reactions. combat the affects of histamine.
  • large course acidophilic granules
  • light, bilobed
39
Q

basophils function…cytoplasm…nucleus

A
  • release histamine-dilation of small blood vessels. involved with allergic reactions. similar activity to mast cells in connective tissue. also contain heparin which is an anticoagulant.
  • large course basophilic granules- obstruct view of nucleus
  • light, bilobed
40
Q

lymphocytes function…cytoplasm…nucleus

A

B – involved with the production of circulating antibodies
T – involved in cell-mediated immunity
NK – kill certain virus-infected cells and some types of tumor cells
- narrow rim of blue cytoplasm
- very dark, takes up all of the cell, round, slightly indented

41
Q

monocyte function…cytoplasm…nucleus

A
  • transform into macrophages; precursors of many mononuclear phagocytic cells in the body; second on scene after neutrophils
  • grey “foamy” texture
  • darkish; large, off- center; oval, kidney, or horseshoe shaped
42
Q

process of producing platelets

A

thrombopoesis

43
Q

where are platelets produces

A

red bone marrow

44
Q

platelets are derived from large cells called what

A

megakaryocytes

45
Q

function of platelets

A

Promote blood clotting and help repair minor tears or leaks in walls of blood vessels.

46
Q

platelet basic characteristic

A

200k-400k platlets in microliter in blood. last about 10 days. much smaller
than red blood cells. usually appear in clumps in blood smear. lighter stain
on outside. darker in the middle

47
Q

hematopoiesis function

A

To maintain constant level of different cell types in the blood

48
Q

location/phase of hematopoiesis in fetus

A

yolk-sac phase- third week of gestationa
liver- hepatic phase- second trimester
bone marrow- bone marrow phase- third trimester

49
Q

location of hematopoiesis after birth

A

red bone marrow

50
Q

hematopoiesis includes what processes

A

erythropoiesis
leukopoiesis
thrombopoiesis

51
Q

Monophyletic Theory

A

All blood cells arise from a single type of pluripotent/ pluripotential stem cell (PPSC), a pluripotent cell known as a hemopoietic stem cell (HSC)]

52
Q

HSC characteristics

A
  • capable of asymmetric divison

- self renewal. each division they undergo they can produce new HSC cells.

53
Q

Descendants of the HSC can give rise to cells with a more restricted potential and two major cell lineages

A
  1. Common Myeloid Progenitor (CMP) Cells

2. Common Lymphoid Progenitor (CLP) Cells

54
Q

Common Myeloid Progenitor (CMP) Cells, where do they develop

A

give rise to the myeloid cells (i.e. granulocytes, monocytes, erythrocytes, and megakaryocytes); develop in bone marrow.

55
Q

Common Lymphoid Progenitor (CLP) Cells, where do they develop

A

give rise to lymphoid cells (i.e. lymphocytes); migrate from bone marrow to thymus or lymphoid tissue (e.g. lymph node, spleen) where they proliferate and differentiate.

56
Q

progenitor cells develop into what

A

precursor cells or blast

57
Q

precursor or blast cells

A
  • Morphological characteristics begin to differentiate.

* Large amount of mitosis – but only produce cells on the way to differentiation.

58
Q

which phases have low mitosis activity

A

stem cells and progenitor

59
Q

rate of mitosis and potentiality are _____ related

A

inversely

60
Q

bone marrow consists of what and what

A 
sinusoidal capillaries (sinusoids) and
hemopoietic cords (very leakly capillaries, lots of holes, things can pass easily.)
61
Q

Hemopoietic Cords Consist Of:

A

developing blood cells, developing

megakaryocytes, macrophages, mast cells, and adipose cells.

62
Q

Adventitial Cell/Reticular Cells

A

• support cells; send sheet-like extensions into cords and produce reticular fibers • stimulate differentiation of progenitor cells

63
Q

Clusters/Nests, near sinusoids, away from sinusoids

A
  • Nest Near Sinusoids – Erythrocytes and Megakaryocytes

* Nest Further Away from Sinusoids – Granulocytes

64
Q

Bone Marrow Cellularity

A
  • 100 – age + 10% = bone marrow cellularity

* The ratio of hemopoietic cells to adipocytes

65
Q

leukocytes produced via what and where

A

leukopoiesis in red bone marrow

66
Q

lymphopoiesis can occur in what two places

A

red bone marrow and the lymphoid organs

67
Q

the 3 different forms on leukopoiesis

A
  • Granulopoiesis
  • Monocytopoiesis
  • Lymphopoiesis
68
Q

last cell stage in granulopoiesis that can undergo mitosis

A

myelocytes

69
Q

cell stage in granulopoiesis that has specific granules develop

A

metamyelocyte

70
Q

extra cell stage in neutrophil development and what develops

A

band cell- where multi lope of nucleus forms

71
Q

lymphocyte development path

A

HSC→CLP→→→→→lymphocytes

72
Q

where T cells differentiate

A

pre-T lymphocytes leave bone marrow and travel to thymus to
complete differentiation and thymic cell education; then enter blood
stream as small T lymphocytes

73
Q

where to B-cells differentiate

A

bone marrow, gut-associated lymphatic tissue, and spleen

74
Q

where do NK cells differentiate

A

bone marrow

75
Q

platelet formation is called what? and happens where? and from what kind of cells

A

thrombopoeisis
bone marrow
megakaryocytes

76
Q

megakaryoblast and how to transform into megakaryocytes

A

30μm in diameter, homogenous and basophilic cytoplasm, nonlobed nucleus
undergo successive endomitoses to form megakaryocytes

77
Q

megakaryocyte

A

50μm-70μm in diameter; cytoplasm less basophilic, multilobed

nucleus, scattered azurophilic granules, near sinusoids, 64N (polyploid) cells

78
Q

why do cells need platelet demarcation channels

A

to store extra cytoplasm because so much is needed to make platelets

79
Q

what are proplatelets

A

extnsion of processes out into blood vessels, piece of proplatlets pinch off is how we get platelets. v

Anatomy Test 4 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions