Heart failure Flashcards
What is heart failure?
The inability to deliver oxygenated blood to tissues at a satisfactory rate for the tissue’s metabolic requirements.
A syndrome, not a diagnosis
What is a syndrome?
A group of symptoms which consistently occur together or a condition that is characterised by a set of associated symptoms
What causes heart failure?
IHD (most common)
Cardiomyopathy
Valvular disease
Car pulmonale
Conditions increasing cardiac work (obesity, pregnancy, hypertension, hyperthyroidism, arrhythmias)
What is car pulmonale simply?
Right heart failure due to disease of lungs and/or pulmonary vessels
What are risk factors for heart failure?
Age 65+
Smoking
Obesity
Previous MI
Male
In a healthy heart, an increased preload means an increased afterload meaning increased _____ _____ due to the Frank Starling law
cardiac output
In failing hearts what happens to the cardiac output?
Decreases, dysfunctional Frank Starling law
What is the initial compensatory mechanism with heart failure?
RAAS and sympathetic nervous system activation to increase blood pressure
Soon, the compensatory mechanism to heart failure stops working and heart undergoes cardiac r______ which decreases CO
remodelling
In heart failure, the RAAS and SNS will exacerbate f____ o_____
fluid overload
What is it called when the heart failure affects both the left and right circuits?
Congestive heart failure
What is the normal ejection fraction?
50-70%
What kind of heart failure is it if the ejection fraction is over 50%?
Diastolic failure
Filling issues such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy or aortic stenosis causing LVH
What kind of heart failure is it if the ejection fraction is lower than 40%?
Systolic failure
Pump fails due to ischaemic tissue in IHD
Left side heart failure results in p_____ v____ backlog and pulmonary o_____
pulmonary vessel
oedema
