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2a Cardio > How common drugs work > Flashcards

How common drugs work Flashcards

1
Q

Name 3 conditions that ACE-i are used to treat?

A

Hypertension
Heart Failure
Kidney diseases

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2
Q

ACE-i block the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II which is a potent ______

A

vasoconstictor

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3
Q

ACE-i causes vasodilation which reduces ______ ______

A

peripheral resistance

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4
Q

ACE-i reduce peripheral resistance which means there is less resistance for the heart to pump blood against, so reduces the ____ _______

A

blood pressure

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5
Q

As well as lowering levels of angiotensin II, ACE-i also decrease the secretion of ______

A

aldosterone

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6
Q

Where is aldosterone made?

A

Zona glomerulosa of adrenal gland

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7
Q

Aldosterone promotes ____ and ____ retention

A

sodium and water

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8
Q

ACE-i decrease secretion of aldosterone which means less sodium and water is retained leading to decreased blood _____ and _____

A

volume
pressure

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9
Q

ACE-i and ARBs have also been shown to have beneficial effects on teh heart preventing adverse c______ r__________ where the structure and function of heart changes in response conditions like heart failure or hypertension

A

cardiac remodelling

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10
Q

Name some common ACE-inhibitors

A

Ramipril
Lisinopril
Enalapril
Perindopril

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11
Q

What does ARBs stand for?

A

Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers

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12
Q

What are ARBs commonly used to treat?

A

Hypertension
Heart failure
Kidney diseases

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13
Q

ARBs work by blocking the action of angiotensin II at its _____ on blood vessels and other tissues

A

receptors

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14
Q

ARBs block the angiotensin II receptors, blocking its action, leading to v_____

A

vasodilation

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15
Q

Vasodilation due to ARBs leads to decrease in _______ _____ so there is less resistance for heart to pump against

A

peripheral resistance

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16
Q

ARBs also reduce the secretion of _____

A

aldosterone

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17
Q

What are the results of ARBs reducing the secretion of aldosterone?

A

Less sodium and water retention so blood volume decreases and blood pressure is lowered

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18
Q

Name some common ARBs

A

Candesartan
Losartan
Irbesartan
Valsartan

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19
Q

What are CCBs commonly used to treat?

A

Hypertension
Angina
Certain heart arrhythmias

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20
Q

CCBs primarily work by blocking calcium channels in the cells of the ____ and ____ _____

A

heart and blood vessels

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21
Q

What are the calcium channels in the heart and blood vessels responsible for?

A

Allowing calcium ions in for muscle contraction

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22
Q

By blocking calcium channels in smooth muscle cells of blood vessels, CCBs cause…

A

smooth muscle cells to relax leading to vasodilation

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23
Q

Vasodilation caused by CCBs reduces peripheral resistance, making it easier for the heart to pump blood and ultimately resulting in…

A

decreased blood pressure

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24
Q

How do CCBs affect heart muscle itself?

A

Reduced influx of calcium ions leads to decreased force of cardiac contraction.

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25
Q

The decreased force of cardiac contraction from CCBs helps to decrease workload on the heart and reduces ______ demand

A

oxygen (beneficial in angina)

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26
Q

Non-dihydropyridine CCBs also decrease the ____ ____ by inhibiting activity of the SA node. This is helpful in certain heart rhythm disorders where slower heart rate is desired

A

heart rate

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27
Q

Name some common CCBs

A

Amlodipine
Felodipine
Nifedipine
Diltiazem
Verapamil

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28
Q

What conditions are thiazide diuretics used to treat?

A

Hypertension
Heart failure
Oedema

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29
Q

Thiazide diuretics block the ______-______ s______ i the renal tubules

A

sodium-chloride symporter (NCC)

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30
Q

Thiazide diuretics prevent the reabsorption of _____ ions by blocking the NCC in the distal convoluted tubules

A

sodium

31
Q

Thiazides block sodium reabsorption in the DCTs, promoting excretion of ____ and ____ in the urine

A

sodium and water

32
Q

Thiazides increase sodium and water excretion which therefore decreases the ____ _____ and ______

A

blood volume and pressure

33
Q

Thiazide diuretics can cause mild _______ which contributes to reduced blood pressure (mechanism not fully understood)

A

vasodilation

34
Q

Thiazides decrease blood volume and promote vasodilation, helping to reduce _____ _____ decreasing the load on the heart

A

peripheral resistance

35
Q

Name some thiazides

A

Bendroflumethiazide
Hydrochlorothiazide
Chlortalidone (thiazide-like-diuretic)

36
Q

What are beta-blockers used to treat?

A

Hypertension
Angina
Heart failure
Certain heart rhythm disorders

37
Q

Beta-blockers block effects of a____ and other similar hormones on b__-_____ receptors in the body

A

adrenaline
beta-adrenergic

38
Q

Beta-adrenergic receptors are found in various tissues including the _____, ____ _____ and ____

A

heart, blood vessels and kidneys

39
Q

Beta-blockers block beta-adrenergic receptors in the heart , the effect of adrenaline is reduced leading to a decrease in ____ ____

A

heart rate (useful in hypertension, angina and certain heart arrhythmias)

40
Q

Beta-blockers also reduce the force of contraction of the heart which decreases _____ of heart and reduces _____ demand

A

workload
oxygen
(beneficial in angina and heart failure)

41
Q

Beta-blockers can help lower blood pressure by reducing ____ ____ and decreasing the activity of the ___ which regulates heart rate and blood pressure

A

cardiac output
SNS

42
Q

How can beta-blockers help stabilise heart rhythm and prevent arrhthymias?

A

By slowing electrical conduction in the heart and reducing automaticity of cardiac cells (ability to spontaneously generate electrical impulse)

43
Q

Name some common beta-blockers

A

Atenolol (selective)
Bisoprolol (selective)
Metoprolol
Propranolol (non-selective)
Carvedilol (non-selective)

44
Q

When are beta-blockers contraindicated?

A

Asthma (as beta-blockers can cause bronchoconstriction)

Heart block

Bradycardia

45
Q

Alpha blockers are also known as alpha-adrenergic a_____

A

antagonists

46
Q

What conditions are alpha blockers used to treat?

A

Hypertension
BPH
Certain circulatory disorders

47
Q

Alpha blockers work by blocking adrenaline and noradrenaline at alpha-adrenergic receptors found on ____ _____ cells in blood vessels and other tissues

A

smooth muscle cells

48
Q

Alpha-blockers causes relaxation of muscles leading to _____ which reduces peripheral resistance.

A

vasodilation

49
Q

How are alpha blockers useful for BPH?

A

Relax smooth muscle in prostate gland and bladder neck to improve urinary flow

50
Q

How may alpha blockers help manage circulatory disorders like Raynaud’s disease and peripheral vascular disease?

A

Promoting vasodilation and improving blood flow to affected areas

51
Q

Name some common alpha-blockers

A

Doxazosin
Prazosin
Terazosin

52
Q

What conditions are loop diuretics used to treat?

A

Heart failure
Kidney disease
Oedema

53
Q

Loop diuretics work primarily by inhibiting which transporter in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle?

A

Sodium-Potassium-Chloride co-transporter (NKCC2)

54
Q

What does the NKCC2 normally do?

A

Reabsorbs sodium, potassium and chloride ions from the urine back into the bloodstream

55
Q

Loop diuretics inhibit the NKCC2 transporter so prevent the reabsorption of sodium, potassium and chloride ions leading to increased excretion of these ions and ____

A

water

56
Q

Loop diuretics result in a significant increase in _____ ____ and reduction in ____ ______

A

urine volume
blood volume

57
Q

True or false: loop diuretics are considered the most potent diuretics available

A

True
Capable of producing rapid and substantial increase in urine output

58
Q

Loop diuretics increase urine output and reduce blood volume so can help reduce _____ in tissues and lower blood pressure

A

oedema

59
Q

Loop diuretics can can cause h______, h______ and h______ due to increased excretion

A

hypokalaemia
hyponatraemia
hypomagnesemia

Electrolyte levels should be monitored regularly and supplementation may be required

60
Q

Name some common loop diuretics

A

Furosemide
Bumetanide
Torasemide

61
Q

What conditions are potassium-sparing diuretics used to treat?

A

Hypertension and heart failure

62
Q

Potassium-sparing diuretics block ___ channels in the ___ and _____ ____ of the kidneys

A

sodium
DCT and collecting ducts

63
Q

Potassium-sparing diuretics blocking sodium channels prevents reabsorption of sodium back into the blood so less ____ is reabsorbed leading to ______ urine production

A

water
increased

64
Q

Potassium-sparing diuretics do not promote significant _____ secretion in the urine by blocking the exchange of ____ for _____ in the kidney tubules

A

potassium
sodium for potassium

65
Q

When is it particularly useful to use a potassium-sparing diuretic?

A

Those at risk of potassium depletion:
Heart failure
Liver disease
Other meds that cause potassium loss

66
Q

Some potassium-sparing diuretics are also _____ antagonists so can further reduce sodium reabsorption and potassium loss as well as exert beneficial effects on the heart and blood vessels

A

aldosterone

67
Q

Name some common potassium-sparing diuretics

A

Spironolactone
Amiloride
Eplerenone

68
Q

What conditions are statins prescribed to manage?

A

Primarily used to lower cholesterol levels in the blood
Lowers risk of cardiovascular events like heart attacks and strokes

69
Q

Statins work by inhibiting what enzyme?

A

HMG-CoA reductase (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase)

Plays key role in liver’s production of cholesterol

70
Q

Statin inhibits HMG-CoA reductase thereby reducing the liver’s production of cholesterol and lower levels of ___ cholesterol in the bloodstream

A

LDL (low-density lipoprotein)

71
Q

How do cells in the liver respond to the decrease in cholesterol synthesis due to statins?

A

Increase the expression of LDL receptors on their surface which help remove LDL cholesterol from the bloodstream and facilitating uptake into liver cells
So statins enhance clearance of LDL cholesterol from the blood

72
Q

True or false: statins lower HDL cholesterol whilst moderately increasing LDL cholesterol

A

False
Statins lower LDL cholesterol whilst moderately increasing HDL cholesterol

73
Q

Statins may have anti-_____ and antioxidant effects too helping stabilise atherosclerotic plaques reducing the risk of cardiovascular events

A

inflammatory

74
Q

Name some common statins

A

Atorvastatin
Simvastatin
Rosuvastatin
Pravastatin

2a Cardio (36 decks)

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