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4th exam for path > Renal Function Powerpoint > Flashcards

Renal Function Powerpoint Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the kidneys: excretion of wastes, regulation of blood ionic composition, regulation of blood pH, regulation of blood volume, regulation of blood pressure, production of hormones, maintenance of blood osmolarity, regulation of blood glucose

A
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2
Q

Excretion of wastes
Filtration–>__________/_______–> Excretion

A

Reabsorption/Secretion

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3
Q

Urine formation
Nitrogenous wastes: _______, ammonia, creatinine, _______

A

urea, uric acid

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4
Q

Urine formation
Nitrogenous wastes
______,ammonia from deamination of amino acids

A

Urea

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5
Q

___________from the breakdown of creatine phosphate

A

Creatinine

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6
Q

_____________ from the catabolism of nucleic acids

A

Uric acid

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7
Q

Urine formation
Foreign substances (__________, environmental toxins)

A

drugs

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8
Q

Regulation of blood ionic composition
Control blood ion levels by adjusting the excretion of ions in urine.
Sodium ions (Na+)
Potassium ions (K+)
Calcium ions (Ca2+)
Chloride ions (Cl−)
Phosphate ions (HPO42−)

A
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9
Q

Regulation of blood pH

Excrete a variable amount of ____________ (H+) into the urine

Conserve __________ ions (HCO3
−), an important buffer of H+ in the blood

NH4+ regulation

A

hydrogen ions (H+)

bicarbonate

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10
Q

Regulation of Blood Pressure

Regulate blood pressure by secreting the enzyme __________

A

renin

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11
Q

Renin- Angiotensin- Aldosterone System (RAAS)

A
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12
Q

Regulation of Blood Pressure
Increased renin–> increase in _____________

A

blood pressure

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13
Q

Production of hormones Calcitriol and ___________

A

Erythropoietin

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14
Q

Maintenance of Blood Osmolarity &
Regulation of blood glucose level

Maintain a blood osmolarity close
to _________ milliosmoles per liter
(mOsm/liter)
Anti-Diuretic Hormone
(ADH)

A

300

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15
Q

Nephron-Functional units of the kidney
Is there high or low pressure in glomerulus for filtration?

A

High-pressure

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16
Q

Peritublar capillaries for _____________

A

reabsorption

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17
Q
  1. Capillary structures (glomerulus and peritubular capillaries)
  2. ________________(PCT)
  3. Loop of Henle
  4. A __________(DCT)
  5. Collecting duct
A

proximal convuluted tubule

distal convoluted tubule

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18
Q

_________-urine (which is in the lumen)

A

Filtrate

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19
Q

____________-absorption into blood stream
Taken up from urine (lumen) into blood

A

Reabsorption

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20
Q

__________-secreted into urine (lumen)

A

Secretion

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21
Q

___________-urine (filtrate)
Thrown out of the body

A

Excretion

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22
Q

________(=luminal membrane)-cell membrane oriented towards the lumen

A

Apical

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23
Q

____________-cell membrane oriented away from the lumen

A

Basolateral membrane

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24
Q

Glomerular filtration–> Tubular Reabsorption & Tubular Secretion–> Excretion

A
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25
Q

Reabsorption of filtered water and solutes: Transcellular path and _________

A

Paracellular path

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26
Q

Blood Supply to Kidneys

Afferent arteriole–>____________–> efferent arteriole–>_______________

A

glomerulus (capillaries), peritubular capillaries or vasa recta

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27
Q

The osmolality of the interstital fluid in the renal cortex is isotonic at _________mOsm

A

300

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28
Q

The osmolality of the interstitial fluid of the renal medulla increases progressively from 300mOsm at the cortex-medulla junction to ______mOsm at the medulla-pelvis junction.

A

1200

29
Q

Proximal tubule
Reabsorpton: Na+, Cl-, HCO3-, K+, H20, glucose, amino acids

Secretion: H+, Urate, Oxalate, Penicillin, Aspirin, Morphine

A
30
Q

Thin descending loop of Henle
Reabsorption: _________

A

Water

31
Q

Thin Ascending loop of Henle:
Reabsorption: Na+,Cl-,K-, calcium (Ca+), HCO3-, magnesium

Secretion: H+

A
32
Q

There is NO reabsorption of water in the __________

A

thick ascending loop of Henle

33
Q

In early distal tubule:
Reabsorption: Na+, Cl-, Ca+,Mg+

A
34
Q

Late distal tubule and collecting duct
Principle cells:
Reabsorption: Na+ Cl-

Secretion: ________
ADH-mediated H20 reabsorption

Intercalated cells:
Reabsorption:HCO3-, K+
Secretion: H+

A

K+

35
Q

__________:high-pressure capillary filtration system located between the afferent and the efferent arterioles

A

Glomerulus

36
Q

__________:the portion of the blood that is filtered into the
capsule space

A

Filtrate

37
Q

___________: small
perforations on the endothelial layer of glomerulus

A

Fenestrations

38
Q

Can hydrophilic molecules pass through the plasma
membrane?No, they require special transporters.

A
39
Q

Can RBCs and plasma proteins pass through the capillary? No!

A
40
Q

The afferent arterioles have diameters larger than the efferent arterioles. The greater resistance to blood flow of the efferent arteriole causes blood to back up into the glomerular capillaries. This raises the blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries, favoring filtration

A
41
Q

The hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capsule can change as a result of an obstruction, such as a stone in a ureter or an enlarged prostate gland pressing on the urethra.

A
42
Q

Forces determining net filtration pressure (NFP)

1)Capillary hydrostatic pressure
2) Capillary colloidal osmotic pressure
3)Hydrostatic pressure in capsular space

A
43
Q

_____________:The volume of filtrate formed each minute

A

Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)

44
Q

What is the glomerular filtration rate of an average adult?

A

125mL/min

45
Q

Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)
Regulated by the constriction
and relaxation of the afferent
and efferent arterioles

A
46
Q

Constriction of afferent arteriole leads to decreased renin blood flow which leads ________glomerular pressure and ________glomerular filtration rate

A

decrease

decrease

47
Q

Constriction of efferent arteriole leads to backup of blood into glomerulus which leads to increased glomerular pressure and increase glomerular filtration rate

A
48
Q

Regulation of Renin blood flow

1) Neural and Humoral Control

2)______________

A

Autoregulatory mechanisms

49
Q

Regulation of Renin blood flow
Neural - ________ stimulation

Angiotensin II (Ang II)–> ________

A

Sympathetic

vasoconstriction

50
Q

Regulation of RBF

Autoregulatory Mechanisms

Tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF)
___________initiates the renin–angiotensin–
aldosterone system (RAAS).

A

Juxtaglomerular cells

51
Q

How do Proximal tubule
(PT) cells reabsorb
Na+
Glucose, &
Amino acid?

A

Na+/K
-adenosine
triphosphatase (ATPase) pump

52
Q

In PCT there is reabsorption of water, highly permeable membrane

Reabsorption:Glucose,amino acids, water-soluble vitamins–>100%

Electrolytes (65-80%)

Secretion: Drugs, creatinine, NH4+

A
53
Q

Water reabsorption in what loop of Henle

A

Thin descending loop of Henle

54
Q

Thick Ascending Limb Impermeable to water

Reabsorption: Na+, Cl-, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+

A
55
Q

What percentage of sodium is reabsorbed in the loop of Henle

A

25%

56
Q

What transporter is used in the thick ascending loop of Henle

A

Na-K-Cl cotransporter 2 (NKCC2)

57
Q

What transporter is used in the distal convulted tubule?

A

Sodium-chloride symporter (NCC)

58
Q

What percentage of sodium is reabsorbed in the distal convoluted tubule?

A

5%

59
Q

__________:Increase in Ca2+
reabsorption

A

Parathyroid hormone

60
Q

Juxtaglomerular cells & macula densa
in tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF)

Macula densa cells sense low levels of sodium

______________(JG)-Renin release

A

juxtaglomerular cells

61
Q

Regulation of Glomerular Filtration
The afferent and the efferent arterioles are innervated by the ______________and are sensitive to angiotensin II.

A

sympathetic nervous system

62
Q

Tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF)
* Increase in NaCl–> Macula densa releases ________

Vasoconstriction of afferent arteriole which leads to decrease renin blood flow,decrease in glomerular filtration rate and decrease in NaCl filtered

A

adenosine

63
Q

Adenosine inhibits renin release in ______

A

JG(Juxtaglomerular cells)

64
Q

What percentage of sodium is reabsorbed in the collecting duct?

A

3%

65
Q

What transporter is used in the collecting duct?

A

Epithelial sodium channel (ENaC)

66
Q

Collecting duct
Water control by _________

A

ADH

67
Q

Aldosterone
Increasing the activity of the
Na+/K+–ATPase pump
Increase in _______ reabsorption
Decrease in K+ reabsorption

A

Na+

68
Q

Collecting Tubules-ADH
An increase in osmolality of extracellular fluids
a higher concentration of solutes in the blood Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus

Stimulate the release of ADH from the posterior pituitary gland

Increased ____________
Decreased urine volume

A

water reabsorption

4th exam for path (13 decks)

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