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4th exam for path > Disorders of Renal Function > Flashcards

Disorders of Renal Function Flashcards

1
Q

TESTS OF RENAL FUNCTION

Urine tests and ________

A

Blood tests

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2
Q

The color of urine should be yellow amber

A
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3
Q

pH of urine in a average adult should be _____________

A

5 to 6

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4
Q

Volume of urine in an adult is ________

A

1200mL/24 hour

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5
Q

In urine for a healthy adult it should be NEGATIVE for glucose,ketones,blood, and protein

A
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6
Q

Protein–>NH3–>Urea

A
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7
Q

Excess amino acids are rapidly degraded.
Intestines produce 50% of the __________

A

ammonia

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8
Q

The _______removes most of the circulating ammonia through __________

A

liver

urea cycle

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9
Q

Urea can be excreted by _______

A

kidney

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10
Q

Urea is the principal means by which
nitrogenous wastes are excreted from
the body.

A
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11
Q

Plasma urea levels [Blood
urea nitrogen (BUN, 7-18 mg/dL)] are a
useful indicator of renal function.

A
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12
Q

Urea can be excreted by the

A

kidney

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13
Q

The excretion of H+ and generation of HCO3−
by the ammonia buffer system

NH3 diffuses out of the cell into
the lumen and combines with
H+ to form ________

A

NH4

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14
Q

Creatinine Clearance normal range is
___________

A

115 to 125 mL/minute

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15
Q

___________ - Creatine metabolite in the muscle

A

Creatinine

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16
Q

Creatinine is a waste
-NOT reabsorbed in the renal tubule!
Filtered by the glomerulus and secreted by PCT

A
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17
Q

Creatinine levels in the blood and urine can be used to measure ________

A

GFR

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18
Q

Plasma concentration in creatinine

A

0.6–1.2 mg/dL

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19
Q

BUN: Blood Urea nitrogen
Normal range is _________

A

8.0-20.0 mg/dL

20
Q

Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)
By-product of ________ metabolism eliminated by the kidneys

A

protein

21
Q

Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)
Increase by _______, GI bleeding, Dehydration

A

Protein intake

22
Q

An increased BUN indicates what?

A

sign of renal function loss

23
Q

Normal BUN–creatinine ratio = ________

A

10:1

24
Q

BUN > 15:1–>______, upper GI bleeding

A

Congestive heart failure (CHF)

25
Q

BUN< 10:1–> ________, a _________ diet, chronic dialysis

A

Liver disease, low-protein diet

26
Q

CAUSES OF URINARY TRACT OBSTRUCTION

Renal pelvis
-Renal _______

Ureter
-Renal calculi
-____________
-Tumors that compress the ureter
-Ureteral ___________

Bladder and urethra
-Bladder ____________
-Neurogenic bladder
-Prostatic hyperplasia or cancer
-Urethral strictures

A

calculi

Pregnancy

stricture

cancer

27
Q

Kidneys (CD–>Caly–> Pelvis) –>Ureters —-> Bladder—>Urethra

A
28
Q

_________: urine-filled dilation of the renal pelvis and calices associated with progressive atrophy of the kidney due to obstruction of urine outflow

A

Hydronephrosis

29
Q

Mechanisms of Renal Damage
________of urine–> Infection and Stone formation

Progressive dilation of the renal collecting ducts and renal tubular structures Atrophy of renal tissue

A

Stasis

30
Q

Renal Calculi (= kidney stones)

A
31
Q

What type of stone is this?

Hypercalcemia and hypercalciuria
Hyperparathyroidism, Vitamin D intoxication
Hyperoxaluria
Milk-alkali syndrome
Renal tubular acidosis

A

Calcium (oxalate and
phosphate) - Major

32
Q

What type of stone is this?

Urea-splitting UTIs

A

magnesium ammonium phosphate (struivite)

33
Q

What type of stone is this?

Formed in acid urine with pH of approximately 5.5
Gout
High-purine diet

A

Uric acid (urate)

34
Q

What type of stone is this?

Cystinuria (inherited disorder of amino acid metabolism)

A

Cystine stone

35
Q

What phenonomen is this?

The urine formed in the kidneys and found in the bladder normally is sterile or free of bacteria

Why?
Urine from the bladder normally washes bacteria out of
the urethra

A

Washout phenomen

36
Q

UTI bacteria from urethra, ________, or perianal area

A

vagina

37
Q

______UTI
Kidneys(pyelonephritis)
Ureters (ureteritis)

A

Upper

38
Q

_________UTI

Bladder (cystitis)
Urethra (urethritis)

A

Lower

39
Q

Infancy is the only period of life during which human males have a higher risk for bacteriuria and UTI than females.
During adulthood, the prevalence of bacteriuria is lower in men than women and increases with age in men or during pregnancy for women.

Differences in incidence between men and women decrease in the elderly, and both sexes face high rates of recurrent infection after 85 years of age.

A
40
Q

Septicemia, or sepsis, is the blood poisoning by bacteria

A
41
Q

Catheter-Induced Infection

Catheter inserted through the urethra into the bladder for the purpose of draining urine

The most frequent cause of gram-negative septicemia in _______ patients
Bacteria initiate the growth of a biofilm –>Difficult for antibiotics to reach

A

hospitalized

42
Q

Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)

Asymptomatic bacteriuria
Symptomatic infections
Uncomplicated UTIs
Pyuria, bacteriuria, functionally normal UT
__________

Staphylococcus saprophyticus

A

E.coli

43
Q

Complicated UTIs
* Structurally or functionally abnormal UT
___________

_____________

A

Gram - rods

Gram (+) cocci

44
Q

UTI – Reflux

Urethra–> Bladder–> Ureter (This is order when something bad happens in your body like uti-reflux)

A
45
Q

_________________
Urine from the urethra moves into the bladder by an increase
in intra-abdominal pressure (coughing or squatting)

A

Urethrovesical reflux

46
Q

_____________________
Urine is forced into the ureter during micturition.
Most commonly in children with UTIs
In adults, due to increased bladder volume and pressure

A

Vesicoureteral reflux

4th exam for path (13 decks)

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