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A & P: 2 > Hematology And Immunology > Flashcards

Hematology And Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 functions of blood

A

-transports substances needed for cellular metabolism

-waste removal

  • maintain and regulate body temperature, water, and electrolytes

-Defense against pathogens, alllergens, and cancer cells

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2
Q

What is plasma made of

A

92% water
8% proteins , salts, and nutrients

Its the liquid portion of blood

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3
Q

How much blood volume is in the body

A

4-6 liters

About 8 % total body weight

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4
Q

How long does it take for blood volume to replenish

A

4-8 weeks

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5
Q

What is the cycle of plasma and lymph fluid being recycled

A

Blood plasma
Interstitial tissue fluid
Lymph fluid
Blood plasma

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6
Q

Where do blood cells come from

A

Inside red bone marrow

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7
Q

What is hematopoiesis

A

Production of all blood cells from undifferentiated stem cells

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8
Q

What are erythrocytes and what do they do?

A

Red blood cells

Transport O2 and CO2 through blood

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9
Q

What do you call a decrease in RBC’s

A

Erythrocytopenia

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10
Q

What do you call a decrease in iron

A

Sideropenia

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11
Q

What are leukocytes

A

White blood cells

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12
Q

What is the purpose of leukocytes

A

Defense mechanism of the body formed in red bone marrow , lymph spleen

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13
Q

What are the major types of leukocytes

A

Monocyte
Eosinophil
Mast cell
Lymphocytes
Neutrophil
Basophil

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14
Q

What is an increased white blood count called

A

Leukocytosis

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15
Q

What is an decrease in white blood cells
Called

A

Leukopenia

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16
Q

What role do lymphocytes play

A

Have a critical role in immune response to pathogens

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17
Q

Where do lymphocytes migrate from

A

Red marrow to the thymus gland, that’s where they mature

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18
Q

Why is important to know where lymphocytes migrate to

A

Where lymphocytes mature determines the the type they become

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19
Q

What are thymus lymphocytes called

A

T- lymphocytes

20
Q

What are spleen and red marrow lymphocytes called

A

B lymphocytes

21
Q

Where does mature T and B congregate

A

They circulate through the blood and congregate in the lymphoid tissue

22
Q

What are platelets called

A

Thrombocytes
Which are blood clotting cell fragments

23
Q

What are the stages of coagulation

A

Stage 1: platelets attach to endothelium (vessel wall)

Stage 2: platelets start to release fibrin and begin to seal to endothelium

Stage 3: the fibrin network traps the RBC, and completely seal the endothelium

24
Q

What prevents blood plasma and cells from leaking out of vessel walls

A

Platelets (RBC clumps)

25
Q

What are abnormally low thrombocytes counts called

A

Thrombocytopenia

May result in frequent bruising, epistaxis and clotting

26
Q

What medications prevent or reduce clots

A

Anticoagulants
-aspirin
-heparin
-coumadin

27
Q

What is hemophilia

A

Inherited genetic disease disorder resulting from absence of critical clotting

-patient can’t clot

28
Q

Per unit of blood there are more ……

A

Red blood cells

29
Q

What is the first line of defense of immunity

A

The skin

-Physical barrier that’s hard to penetrate, mainly keratin

  • chemical barriers tears, sweat, and low pH repel pathogens
30
Q

What is the second line of defense in immunity

A

Non specific

The initial response when invaded by a pathogen

Occurs at site of entry

31
Q

What is the first thing that happens in non specific immunity when pathogens enter the body

A

Mast cells cause vasodilation to alert other leukocytes

Mast cells secrete histamine to
Kill pathogens

32
Q

What is the 2nd thing that happens in non specific immunity

A

Neutrophils secrete chemicals to kill pathogens

Neutrophils also engulf pathogens (phagocytosis)

33
Q

What is the 3rd thing that happens in non specific immunity

A

Macrophage engulf pathogens (phagocytosis)

Macrophages release chemical cytokines to keep the process going

34
Q

What is the 3rd line of defense

A

Specific immune response

Responds to a specific pathogen and antigen

35
Q

What is an antigen

A

A protein marker in cells that identify the cell as human…or not

36
Q

What is an antibody

A

Proteins produced by the body to disable pathogens

Y shaped

37
Q

What are the 2 ways the immune system will respond

A

Cell mediated response

Humoral response

38
Q

Discuss cell mediated response

A

Cytotoxic T- lymphocytes destroy pathogens

39
Q

Discuss the humoral response

A

B-lymphocytes produce antibodies that “tag” specific pathogens

40
Q

What are the first 3 steps of cell mediated response and Humoral response

A

Step 1: pathogen enters the body

Step 2: macrophage “attacks” pathogen

Step 3: macrophage displays portion of pathogen on surface

41
Q

What are stages 4-6 in cell mediated response

A

Stage 4: Helper T-lymphocytes recognize pathogen by its antigen

Stage 5: “Helper T lymphocyte “ activate cytotoxic T lymphocyte

Stage 6: cytotoxic T cell releases chemicals to kill pathogen

42
Q

What are stages 4-7 in humoral response

A

Stage 4: Helper T lymphocytes “recognize” pathogens by its antigen

Stage 5: Helper T-lymphocyte activates B-lymphocyte

Stage 6: B-cells produce antibodies based on the pathogens antigens

Stage 7: antibodies released and attach to pathogens antigens in future

43
Q

What are the 2 purposes of vaccinations

A

Individual immunity to infectious diseases

Population safety by limiting the spread of infectious diseases

44
Q

Define a vaccination

A

The act of getting a vaccine to produce immunity to a specific infection or disease

45
Q

Define immunization

A

Becoming immune to a specific infection or disease, typically through vaccination

46
Q

What would be the cause for one to be immunocompromised or immunosuppressed

A

HIV/AIDS

47
Q

Where do stem cells originate from

A

Red bone marrow

A & P: 2 (17 decks)

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