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A & P: 2 > Hematology and immunology C test > Flashcards

Hematology and immunology C test Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 4 functions of blood

A
  1. transport substances
  2. waste removal
  3. regulate/maintain body temp, water & electrolyte balance
  4. eliminate waste
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2
Q

what is plasma made of

A

92 % water
8 % proteins, salts, nutrients

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3
Q

how much blood volume is in the body

A

4-6 liters
8 % total body weight

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4
Q

what is the order in which blood replenishes

A
  1. blood plasma
  2. interstitial tissue fluid
  3. lymph fluid
  4. blood plasma
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5
Q

where do blood cells come from

A

inside red bone marrow

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6
Q

define hematopoiesis

A

production of all blood cells from undifferentiated stem cells

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7
Q

where do stem cells originate

A

red bone marrow

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8
Q

what are erythrocytes and what do they do

A

red blood cells
transport O2 and CO2 through blood

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9
Q

what is the life span of erythrocytes

A

120 days

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10
Q

how are O2 and CO2 transported through blood

A

hemoglobin
iron protein

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11
Q

define anemia

A

RBC or from deficiency

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12
Q

define erythrocytopenia

A

decrease in RBC

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13
Q

define sideropenia

A

decrease in iron

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14
Q

what are leukocytes and what do they do

A

WBC
defense mechanism of body

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15
Q

where are leukocytes formed

A

in red bone marrow and lymph spleen

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16
Q

what are the main leukocytes

A

Basophil
Eosinophil
neutrophil
mast cell
lymphocyte
monocyte

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17
Q

define leukocytosis

A

increase in WBC

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18
Q

define leukopenia

A

decrease in WBC

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19
Q

where do lymphocytes migrate

A

from red arrow to thymus gland

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20
Q

why is it important to know where the lymphocytes go

A

their location determines what they become

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21
Q

what are T- lymphocytes

A

lymphocytes that matured in the thymus

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22
Q

what are B-lymphocytes

A

lymphocytes that matured in the spleen and red marrow

23
Q

where do mature T & B lymphocytes go

A

congregate in lymphoid tissue

24
Q

define platelets

A

AKA thrombocytes
blood clotting fragments

25
Q

what are the steps to form a blood clot

A
  1. platelets attach to endothelium
  2. platelets release fibrin and seal it
  3. fibrin traps RBC, and completely seals endothelium
26
Q

define thrombocytopenia

A

low thrombocyte count

27
Q

what are blood clotting medication

A

aspirin
heparin
Coumadin

28
Q

what is streptokinase

A

a thrombolytic

29
Q

define hemophilia

A

inability to clot

30
Q

what is a complete blood count

A

lab test to determine cell count in blood

31
Q

what does hematocrit test

A

% of RBC per blood volume

32
Q

what is a titer

A

check for presence of antibodies to asses immunity

33
Q

each mL of blood contains….

A

more RBC per unit of blood

34
Q

what are the 3 lines of defense

A
  1. skin
  2. non specific immunity
  3. specific immunity
35
Q

define the skin

A

physical barrier
chemical barrier
1st line of defense

36
Q

define non specific immunity

A

initial response when invaded by a pathogen
occurs at the site of entry

37
Q

what are the steps in non specific immunity

A
  1. mast cells cause vasodilation to warn other leukocytes
  2. mast cell creates histamine to kill pathogen
  3. neutrophils secrete chemical to kill pathogen
  4. Neutrophils & macrophage engulf pathogen
  5. macrophage please a chemical to keep process going
38
Q

what are the defenses in non specific immunity

A

fever
inflammation
phagocytosis

39
Q

define specific immunity

A

response to a specific pathogen or antigen

40
Q

what is an antigen

A

protein marker found in cells that identifies if human or not

41
Q

what is an antibody

A

proteins produced by the body to disable pathogens
“y” shaped

42
Q

what are the 2 ways your immune system responds

A

Cell mediated response
Humoral response

43
Q

what is the cell mediated response

A

cytotoxic T lymphocytes destroy pathogens

44
Q

what is humoral response

A

B lymphocytes produce antibodies that tag specific pathogens

45
Q

what are the first 4 steps in cell mediated & humoral response

A
  1. Pathogen enters body
  2. macrophage attacks
  3. macrophage displays on pathogen surface
  4. Helper T cells recognize pathogen by its antigen
46
Q

what are steps 5&6 in cell mediated

A
  1. Pathogen enters body
  2. macrophage attacks
  3. macrophage displays on pathogen surface
  4. Helper T cells recognize pathogen by its antigen
  5. Helper T cells activate cytotoxic T lymphocyte
    6.cytotoxic cells release chemical to kill pathogen
47
Q

what are steps 5, 6, & 7 if humoral response

A
  1. Pathogen enters body
  2. macrophage attacks
  3. macrophage displays on pathogen surface
  4. Helper T cells recognize pathogen by its antigen
  5. helper T cells activate B lymphocytes
  6. B cells produce antibodies based on pathogens antigens
  7. antibodies can attach to antigens in future
48
Q

what are the 5 types of immunizations

A

Dead
-polio, influenza injection

live but weak
-TB, chicken pox , nasal influenza

Only pathogens antigens
-Hep B

DNA inserted
-Covid J&J

mRna no pathogen
-covid phizer and moderna

49
Q

define herd immunity

A

enough people in the population are vaccinated

50
Q

what is the universal blood type donor

A

o-

51
Q

what is the universal blood recipient

A

AB+

52
Q

what is lupus erythematosus

A

multiple organs are attacked and slowly shut down

53
Q

what are the 2 criteria to be an allergic reaction

A

B cellymphocytes produce IgE antibody
An exaggeretd cell response

A & P: 2 (17 decks)

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