Transport (humans) Pg37-41

Question 1

what are the 4 main components in blood

Answer 1

plasma, platelets, red blood cells and white blood cells

Question 2

What is plasma

Answer 2

plasma is a pale yellow liquid which carries everything that need transporting around your body

Question 3

What is platelets

Answer 3

platelets are small fragments of cells that clump together to plug the damaged area, prevents losing blood and microorganisms from entering through the wound

Question 4

What do red blood cells do

Answer 4

They transport oxygen from the lungs to all the cells in your body.

Question 5

How is the red blood cell adapted for its function

Answer 5

• small and have a biconcave shape to give them a larger surface area for absorbing and releasing oxygen
• they contain haemoglobin which gives the blood its colour and it contains a lot of iron. In the lung Haemoglobin reacts with oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin
• red blood cells don’t have a nucleus - this frees up space for more haemoglobin, so they can carry more oxygen

Question 6

What is a pathogen

Answer 6

A microorganism that can cause diseases.

Question 7

Why are pathogens bad

Answer 7

They cause diseases and they reproduce rapidly until they are destroyed

Question 8

What are the 2 different types of white blood cells

Answer 8

Phagocytes and lymphocytes

Question 9

What do phagocytes do

Answer 9

Phagocytes detect thing that are foreign to the body e.g. pathogens. They then engulf the pathogens and digest them. They are non-specific so they attack anything that is not supposed to be there

Question 10

What do lymphocytes do

Answer 10

When lymphocytes come across a foreign antigen, they will produce proteins called antibodies - these lock onto the antigens and mark them for destruction to any phagocytes nearby. These antibodies are specific to that type of antigen so they won’t work on other pathogens. Antibodies are then produced rapidly and flow around the body to mark all similar pathogens. Memory cells are then produced in response to a foreign antigen, these remain in the body and remember a specific antigen. They can reproduce rapidly if the same antigen enters the body again.

Question 11

What do every pathogens have

Answer 11

unique molecules called antigens on its surface

Question 12

how do vaccinations work

Answer 12

they inject dead, pathogens and the immune system deal with it like a normal pathogen and produce memory cells so if that active pathogen enters the body, the body is already prepared and can destroy it quickly so you don’t get sick.

Question 13

what do the arteries do

Answer 13

carry blood away from the heart

Question 14

what do the capillaries do

Answer 14

involved in the exchange of materials at the tissues

Question 15

what do the veins do

Answer 15

carries blood to the heart

Question 16

Describe the structure of artery walls and why they are like that

Answer 16

Thich, strong and elastic in order to withstand high pressure blood

Question 17

What is the largest artery in the body

Answer 17

aorta

Question 18

What do arteries branch off to

Answer 18

capillaries

Question 19

how do capillaries exchange materials with cells well

Answer 19

• fully permeable membrane
• carries blood really close to cells
• one cell thick walls, quicker diffusion as little diffusion distance

Question 20

What does the capillaries join back into

Answer 20

veins

Question 21

why are the walls in a vein not as thick as the walls in a artery

Answer 21

• the blood is at lower pressure
• they have a bigger lumen than arteries to help the blood flow despite lower pressure

Question 22

why do veins have valves

Answer 22

so that blood flows in the right direction and stops the backflow of blood

Question 23

what is the largest vein in the body

Answer 23

vena cava

Question 24

what type of blood does the right atrium receive

Answer 24

deoxygenated blood from the body (through the vena cava)

Question 25

Where does the deoxygenated blood move through after the right atrium and where does the blood then go

Answer 25

Moves to the right ventricle which pumps it to the lungs by the pulmonary artery

Question 26

where does the oxygenated blood go after going through the left atrium

Answer 26

Left ventricle , which pumps the blood around the body by the aorta

Question 26

what does the left atrium recieve

Answer 26

oxygenated blood from the lungs by the pulmonary vein

Question 26

what is the valve called that is between the ventricles and the lungs

Answer 26

semi-lunar valve

Question 26

what is the valve called that is between the right atrium and right ventricle

Answer 26

tricuspid valve

Question 26

what is the valve called that is between the left atrium and left ventricle

Answer 26

bicuspid valve

Question 27

why is the left ventricle wall thicker than the right

Answer 27

needs more muscle to pump the blood around the body where as right ventricle only need to pump to the lungs

Question 28

Why does exercising increase heart rate

Answer 28

you need more oxygen into cells as muscle cells respire, more carbon dioxide needs to be removed so blood as to flow faster and for this to happen the heart rate needs to increase

Question 29

How does your heart know when to beat faster during exercise

Answer 29

exercise increases carbon dioxide in the blood and high levels of carbon dioxide are detected by receptors in the aorta and carotid artery, which sends signal to brain and the brain sends signals to the heart causing it to contract more frequently and with greater force meaning heart rate increases

Question 30

what does pulmonary vessels have to do with

Answer 30

means to do with the lungs

Question 31

what does hepatic vessels have to do with

Answer 31

means to do with the liver, hepatic portal vein is the vein that connects the gut to the liver

Question 32

what does renal vessels have to do with

Answer 32

means to do with the kidneys

Question 33

What is coronary heart disease

Answer 33

the coronary arteries which supply the heart with blood, gets blocked by layers of fatty material building up. This causes the arteries to become narrow so blood flow is restricted and there is a lack of oxygen to the heart which can cause a heart attack.

Question 34

What are the 3 factors that contribute to coronary heart disease

Answer 34

1. a diet high in saturated fats
2. smoking
3. being inactive