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PARASIT > diagnosis > Flashcards

diagnosis Flashcards

1
Q

– concentrates helminth eggs, larvae
and protozoan cysts

A

Formalin-Ether technique

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2
Q

sample for Acanthamoeba species

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

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3
Q

collection for CSF

A

lumbar tap

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4
Q

collection: hydatid cyst and liver amoebic abscess

A

Liver aspirate-

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5
Q

collection: Giardiasis and Strongyloidiasis infection

A

b) Duodenal aspirate

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6
Q

collection for duodenal aspirate

A

endoscopy

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7
Q

Duodenal drainage or “String test”: duodenal contents collected for
Giardia and Strongylode

A

Tissue aspirates: Duodenal aspirate-

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8
Q

collectin: Sigmoidoscopy: Schistosomiasis, Amoebiasis, Balantidiasis and Shigellosis
(Large intestines)

A

Tissue aspirates:
Duodenal aspirate

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9
Q

T.spiralis phase: Can also be known as the incubation/ intestinal invasion

A

INTESTINAL PHASE

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9
Q

for concentration of
microfilariae’ utilizes venous blood as specime

A
  • Knott Concentration Technique
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9
Q

T.spiralis phase: ✓ first week
✓ small intestinal edema and inflammation

A

. Intestinal Phase

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9
Q

T.spiralis phase: Signs and symptoms: nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain,
diarrhea, headache and fever, myalgia
 Splenomegaly in severe case can also be found as well as
gastric and intestinal hemorrhages

A

INTESTINAL PHASE

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10
Q

T.spiralis phase: Aka larval migration and muscle invasion

A

MIGRATION PHASE

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11
Q

T.spiralis phase: Happens up to the 6th week of infection with the following signs
and symptoms:
o High fever (40oC)
o Blurred vision as well as ocular disturbances

A

MIGRATION PHASE

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12
Q

T.spiralis phase: Cough, pleural pains
 Eosinophilia (15-40% for 1 month)
 4th to 8th week: deat

A

MIGRATION PHASE

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13
Q

T.spiralis phase:Acute local inflammation
 Edema and pain of musculature

A

muscular phase

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14
Q

T.spiralis phase: Larval encystation
 In 3 -4 days after larval invasion, the muscle fibers will become
edematous, spinle shape, lose their cross striations because
the Trichinallis spiralis larva will already lodged itself into the
muscle fibers.

A

muscular phase

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15
Q

T.spiralis phase: Fever, weakness, pain and other symptoms start to abate.
 Full recovery is expected in this phase since trichinellosis is a
self-limiting disease.

A

ENCYSTMENT/ ENCAPSULATION PHASE

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15
Q

This is done when meat is suspected of harboring the existed
larvae of trichinella and feeding the meat to the albino rats.

A

This is done when meat is suspected of harboring the existed
larvae of trichinella and feeding the meat to the albino rats.

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16
Q

T.spiralis phase: Self-limiting disease: eventually Trichinella spiralis will die. It
just has a specific life cycle once it enters the human body, it
will undergo its life cycle and during this phase the parasite
will die.

A

ENCYSTMENT/ ENCAPSULATION PHASE

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16
Q

Observation is done 14 days after inoculation for the presence
of female worm in the duodenum, and larvae in the muscles
of the experimental animal.

A

Beck’s Xenodiagnosis

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17
Q

Disease:
o Capillariasis or Mystery Disease
o Malabsorption Syndrome
 Flattening of the villi

A

CAPILLARIA PHILIPPINENSIS

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17
Q

T.trichuria main habitat

A

cecum and appendic

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18
Q

similar to that of T. trichiura

A

CAPILLARIA PHILIPPINENSIS

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18
Q

Largest among intestinal nematodes affecting man measuring
15-35 cm in length in adulthood

A

ASCARIS LUMBRICOIDES

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18
Q

This would provide the confirmatory diagnosis but the problem
with this one is that there is a late rise of the antibody titers
which usually commences 3-4 weeks after a light infection.

A

Serodiagnosis

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19
Q

main habitat of A.lumbricoides

A

Small intestines (duodenum)

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19
Q

A.lumbri phase? Theses clinical manifestation is also called Loeffler’s
syndrome

A

THE BLOOD-LUNG MIGRATION PHASE OF THE LARVAE

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19
Q

T.trichuria Principal host

A

Man, hogs, monkeys, cattle, dogs and mice

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20
Q

A. lumbri diagnosis: o Recovery and identification of fertile or infertile eggs
in feces

A

Fecalysis

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20
Q

Diagnosis of T.trichuria

A

Diagnosis:
o Direct Fecal Smear
o Kato Thick smear
o Concentration Methods

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20
Q

A.lumbri phase? Large numbers of worms may give rise to allergic symptoms

A

THE BLOOD-LUNG MIGRATION PHASE OF THE LARVAE

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20
Q

ENTEROBIUS VERMICULARIS
diagnosis and prevention

A

Graham Scotch Tape Technique/Cellulose Acetate
Technique

Better personal hygiene

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21
Q

A. lumbri preventation

A

Personal hygiene

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21
Q

S.stercoralis habitat

A

duodenum of man

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21
Q

diagnosis of S/stercoralis

A

Recovery and identification of rhabditiform larvae in feces
o The larvae must be differentiated from the
hookworm larva once they are found in the feces.

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21
Q

A.lumbri phase? A heavy worm burden can result in malnutrition

A

THE INTESTINAL PHASE OF THE ADULTS

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21
Q

A.lumbri phase? During the migration through the lungs, the larvae may cause
pneumonia

A

THE BLOOD-LUNG MIGRATION PHASE OF THE LARVAE

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22
Q

A.lumbri phase? Vague abdominal pains or intermittent colic, especially in
children

A

THE INTESTINAL PHASE OF THE ADULTS

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22
Q

New World
hookworm,
American
hookworm

A

Necator
americanus

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23
Q

Cat &
Dog
Hookwor
m

A

braziliens
e

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23
Q

Old World
Hookworm

A

Ancylostoma
Duodenale

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23
Q

OLM occurs when a microscopic worm enters the eye causing
inflammations, lesions and formation of scar in the retina.

A

TOXOCARA SPP.

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24
Q

Benign: 20-80% eosinophilia and hepatomegal

A

toxocara; VLM

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24
Q

Heavier, or repeated Toxocara infections, while rare, can
cause VLM, a disease that causes swelling of the body’s
organs or central nervous system

A

toxocara

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24
Q

Causes visceral larva migrans

A

Toxocara

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24
Q

Dog
Hookworm

A

Ancylostom
a Caninum

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25
Q

linical grounds
o Marked eosinophilia
o Hepatomegaly
o Hyperglobulinemia

A

Toxocara

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26
Q

diagnosis of wuchereria bancrofti: method of choice

A

Fresh Giemsa-stained blood- serve as the laboratory
diagnostic method of choice

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27
Q

specimen of choice for the recovery of loa loa

A

giemsa stained blood

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27
Q

wuchereria bancrofti sensitive method for diagnosis

A

A more sensitive method of microfilariae recovery would be
filtering heparinized blood through a special filter, known as a
nuclepore filter and then staining and examining the filter
components/contents.

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28
Q

loa loa common name

A

African eye worm

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29
Q

Diagnosis of filariasis

A

PBS-peripheral blood smear (called also the Night blood
because it is nocturnal which is the specimen should be
collected at night specially for microfilaria
 Serology
 Antigen capture

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30
Q

you cna find Brugia malayi in what country>

A

o Eastern Asia, Southwestern Pacific Islands, parts of
India
o Brugia timori (island of Timor)

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31
Q

can be found in tropics and sub-tropics areas

A

W.bancrofti

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32
Q

O.volvu vector

A

Black fly genus simulium

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33
Q

The one primary characteristic that this organism will be
distinguished from other microfilariae is that it does not
produce a sheath. Another difference is the location of
microfilariae because it is found in subcutaneous tissues and
not found in blood

A

o.volvu

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34
Q

laboratory diagnosis for O.volvu

A

Multiple GIEMSA: stained slides of tissue biopsies, known as
skin snips (as little blood as possible, collected from
suspected infected areas are the specimens of choice for the
recovery of O. volvulus microfilariae.

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35
Q

treatment fo O.volvu

A

Diethyl carbamazine

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36
Q

mansonella ozzardi is found in what country

A

tropical america

37
Q

Mansonella streptocerca is found in what country

A

Tropical africa

38
Q

 Progressively matures and functions individually
 Originates from posterior neck region of the organism
 With completely formed sexual organs

A

PROGLOTTID

39
Q

o no scolex; with oncospiral hooks
o can be found in coat pads?

A

procercoid

40
Q
  • also known as “true bladder”. Enlarged central
    cavity
A

cysticercus-

41
Q

o elongated, infective stage
o with developing scolex & strobila

A

plerocercoid

42
Q

slightly developed bladder and a scolex at the
apex

A

cysticercoid-

43
Q

 several scolices
 Cyst is well developed
 multiple invaginated scolices

A

coenurus

43
Q

with daughter cyst present
 cyst is well developed
 brood capsules and daughter cells

A

echinococcus/ hydatid cyst

44
Q

LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS of this parasite?
 Eggs: can be demonstrated without concentration techniques

A

D.latum

44
Q

pseudo or cylo? operculated immature when laid

A

pseudo

45
Q

D.latum stage that swims freeling in the water

A

coracidum

45
Q

Intermediate host: pig, man

A

TAENIA SOLIUM

45
Q

T.solium infective stage

A

Cysticercus cellulosae
- ellipsoidal, translucent, thin walled bladder with an opaque invaginated neck and
scolex equipped with suckers and hooks

45
Q

Common Name: beef tapeworm

A

TAENIA SAGINATA

45
Q

infective stage of D.latum

A

procercoid larva

45
Q

Found in: Mexico, Latin America, Eastern Europe, Africa and
Asia

A

Taenia solium

46
Q

T. saginata infective stage

A

Cysticercus bovis
- pinkish cyst, opaque, with invaginated
neck and scolex

47
Q

H. nana infective stage

A

-E. ova
-Cysticercoid larva

47
Q

Normal host: canines and fleas

A

DIPYLIDIUM CANINUm

48
Q

Very common parasite of dogs and cats worldwide

A

DIPYLIDIUM CANINUM

49
Q

Intermediate Host: larval stages of the dog or cat flea, or
occasionally the Trichodectes canis or the dog louse

A

DIPYLIDIUM CANINUM

50
Q

DIPYLIDIUM CANINUM

A

ECHINOCOCCUS GRANULOSUS

51
Q

ECHINOCOCCUS GRANULOSUS Infective stage:

A

embryonated ova

52
Q

3 Major Components of E.granu: o Outermost morphological contour
o Responsible for the uptake of essential resources
from the host

A

Germinal Layer

53
Q

3 Major Components of E.granu: o Asexually buds from the blood capsule
o Protrudes from the germinal layer
o Develops into an adult

A

Protoscolex

54
Q

3 Major Components of E.granu: o Comprises of numerous proteinaceous and nonproteinaceous materials wich are secreted from the
parasite as well as absorbed from the host

A

Hydatid fluid

55
Q

LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS: echinococcus granulosus

A

Roentgenography
o Production of x-ray images using radiography. It
can be used for the diagnosis of Echinococcus
granulosus

55
Q

3 Major Components of E.granu: Harbors tegumental materials shed from the
protoscolex and resources derived from the
metabolic turnover of the germinal layer

A

Hydatid fluid

56
Q

LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS: echinococcus granulosus

A

C/S (cross section) of a slow-growing tumor with Eosinophilia
 Hydatid cysts fluid may be examined on biopsy samples
o Presence of scoleces, daughter cells, brood
capsules, or hydatid sand
o Care must be used as infected patients may suffer
from anaphylaxis, if the fluid escapes
 Serological Tests
o ELISA – for screening
o Indirect hemagglutination
o Western blot test

57
Q

Resembles S. mansoni in size and shape

A

SCHISTOSOMA HEMATOBIUM

58
Q

a ciliated embryo that hatches in water

A
  1. MIRACIDIUM
59
Q

would escape from the egg shell usually through the operculum into
the environment

A

MIRACIDIUM

60
Q

sac like structure with germ cell that would usually proliferate

A

MOTHER SPOROCYSTS

60
Q

Develops from a miracidium in the 1st IH

A
  1. MOTHER SPOROCYSTS
61
Q

it lacks a gut and gives rise asexually to daughter sporocysts or
rediae

A
  1. MOTHER SPOROCYSTS
62
Q

sac-like, having an oral sucker, a pore & pharyn

A

REDIAE (REDIA)/DAUGHTER SPOROCYSTS

63
Q

would usually develop in 1st intermediate host

A
  1. REDIAE (REDIA)/DAUGHTER SPOROCYSTS
64
Q

The larval form of trematode

A
  1. CERCARIA/DAUGHTER REDIA
65
Q

The motile cercaria finds and settles in a host wherein it can
become either an adult or a mesocercaria depending on the
specie

A

CERCARIA/DAUGHTER REDIA

65
Q

Has a tapering head with a large penetration glands
 It may or may not have a long swimming tail or it may have a
fork-tail appendage for free swimming depending on the
specie

A

CERCARIA/DAUGHTER REDIA

65
Q

It develops within the germinal cells of the sporocysts/redia

A

CERCARIA/DAUGHTER REDIA

66
Q

Arises from the 1st intermediate host and penetrates the 2nd
intermediate host
 A more developed larva

A

CERCARIA/DAUGHTER REDIA

67
Q

Develops from a cercaria

A

METACERCARIA

67
Q

Encysted metacercaria is usually found in the fish muscle

A

METACERCARIA

68
Q

Non-encysted (naked) metacercaria is found in the body
cavity crawling among the internal organs of the fish
 It is in this stage that the parasite infects the definitive human

A

. METACERCARIA

68
Q

Encysted, resting or maturing stage
 Develops in tissue of the 2nd intermediate host

A
  1. METACERCARIA
69
Q

It is in this stage that the parasite infects the definitive human
host via ingestion of the snail or other second intermediate
host

A
  1. METACERCARIA
69
Q

mono or dio? Straight-tailed for
swimming and
movement

A

mono

70
Q

clinical manifestation of this parasite?
● Chronic bronchitis
● Hemoptysis
○ Characterized by a dry cough
○ Sputum sample with foul odor
● Abdominal and chest pains, dyspnea (shortness of breath;
air hunger)
● Low grade fever, fatigue and generalized myalgia

A

paragonimus westermani

70
Q

Most pathogenic intestinal amoeba in man

A

ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA

71
Q

ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA

A

ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA

72
Q

what morphology in E.histo where Red blood cells present

A

Trophozoite

73
Q

what morphology in E.histo where its Devoid of food inclusion

A

Precystic

74
Q

asymptomatic infection of E,histo

A

Lumina amebiasis (E.dispar)

75
Q

Difference of E.hartman to E. histo

A
  1. Trophozoite doesn’t ingest RBCs
  2. Utility is less vigorous
  3. Chromatoidal bodies are shorter with tapered ends giving a
    rice grain shape or thin fan like appearance
  4. Non-pathogenic; causes only mild symptoms of enteritis
76
Q

o Finely granular, vacuolated cytoplasm (with narrow rim
of ectoplasm)

A

ENDOLIMAX NANA Trophozoite:

77
Q

 similar to Entamoeba Histolytica but note that it is noninvasi

A

IODAMOEBA BUTSCHLII

78
Q

Prominent glycogen vacuole (iodine-staining)- dark
brown

A

I. buts cyst

79
Q

I. buts troph are difficult to detect in what preparation?

A

wet preparation

80
Q

Resembles Trichomonads antigenically and
ultrastructurally

A

DIENTAMOEBA FRAGILIS (WENYON, 1909; DOBELLI, 1918)

81
Q

Usually in co-infection with E. vermicularis

A

DIENTAMOEBA FRAGILIS (WENYON, 1909; DOBELLI, 1918)

82
Q

Multiple leaf-shaped pseudopods

A

DIENTAMOEBA FRAGILIS (WENYON, 1909; DOBELLI, 1918

83
Q

can be acquired while diving and swimming during hot
weather in brackish or fresh water including swimming pools

A

NAEGLERIA SPECIES (NAEGLERIA FOWLERI)

83
Q

● Major causative agent of Primary Amebic
Meningoencephalitis (PAM)

A

NAEGLERIA SPECIES (NAEGLERIA FOWLERI)

84
Q

On autopsy examination (of mice and animals), the normal
architecture of the brain, particularly the olfactory lobes and
cerebral cortex is completely destroyed. (“Brain-eating
amoeba”

A

NAEGLERIA SPECIES (NAEGLERIA FOWLERI)

85
Q

Ulcerative Acanthemoeba Keratitis in contact lens wearers
○ Causes keratitis, acquired from trauma and contact
lens wear

A

ACANTHAMOEBA SPP. (A. CASTELLANI, A. CULBERTSONI, A.
HUTCHETTI, A. POLYPHAGA, A. RHYSOIDES)

86
Q

Bilaterally symmetrical; pear-shaped

A

GIARDIA INTESTINALIS/ GIARDIA LAMBLIA

87
Q

habitat of giardia

A

gallbladder and duodenum

88
Q

Motility: jerky falling leaf (one of the
confirmatory that it is), kite like,
spinning, flip-flop

A

GIARDIA INTESTINALIS/ GIARDIA LAMBLIA

89
Q

Trophozoite
○ Pear-shape

A

CHILOMASTIX MESNIL

90
Q

The transmission is usually
through sexual intercourse by often the infected male who
would act as the intermediary

A

T.vaginalis

91
Q

Common parasite of pigs and monkeys

A

Entamoeba polecki

91
Q

parasite? Thick double wall
(“double-walled
cyst”); cytoplasm
shrinks away from
the cell wall

A

Giardia

92
Q

parasite? Axostyle and fibrillar remnants of locomotory apparatus
present

A

giardia

93
Q

Common among pre-school children and immunocompromised
patients (AIDS patients)

A

giardia

94
Q

Excystation occurs in the duodenum and become trophozoites
3. Trophozoite inhabits the mucosa of duodenum and proximal
jejunum (optimal pH: 6.4 – 7.0)

A

giardia

95
Q

a. Duodenal Involvement (Duodenitis)
b. Gall bladder involvement (Cholangitis)

A

Giardia

96
Q

Motility: Boring or spiral forward movement, corkscrew,
clockwise, twisting motility

A

Chilo.mes

97
Q

Pear- or lemon-shaped,
rounded at one end and
conical at the other end
with knob-like
protuberance projection

A

chilo mesn

98
Q

✓ Pear-shaped or ovoid
✓ No cytostome
✓ 4 flagella:

A

C. Enteromonas hominis

99
Q

Characteristic cleft – like cytostome may be seen near
the nucleus
✓ 2 anterior flagell

A

D. Embadomonas intestinalis

100
Q

Exist only as trophozoites; NO CYSTIC STAGE

A

Genus Trichomonas

101
Q

– small, located on one side of the anterior end

A

o Cytostome

101
Q

– rod-like structure arising from or near the anterior
end and extends through the entire body, protruding as a
rather sharp spike through the posterior end of the
cytoplasm; functions for anchorage

A

Axostyle

102
Q

located between the nucleus and the
anterior margin of the organism

A

Blepharoplast –

103
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis
▪ Optimum pH for survival:

A

5.2 to 6.4

104
Q

n the healthy female, the normally acid vaginal secretions o

A

f pH 3.8 – 4.4

105
Q
A

PARASIT (29 decks)

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