MEMORY- Multi store model

Question 1

Define memory

Answer 1

The process of retaining learned information and accessing this information when it is needed

Question 2

Define encoding

Answer 2

The form in which information can be stored (eg.vision/sound)

Question 3

Define storage

Answer 3

Keeping information within the memory system until it is needed

Question 4

Define retrieval

Answer 4

RECOVERING INFORMATION STORED IN THE MEMORY SYSTEM WHEN IT IS REQUIRED

Question 5

Environmental stimuli ->

Answer 5

Sensory register

Question 6

Attention —>

Answer 6

Short term memory

Question 7

What happens due to elaborative rehearsal?

Answer 7

Information is transferred from the short term memory to the long term memory

Question 8

What is maintenance rehearsal?

Answer 8

The process of verbally or mentally repeating information, which allows the duration of short-term memory to be extended beyond 30 seconds

Question 9

Define capacity

Answer 9

The amount of information that can be held in memory before new incoming information displaces it

Question 10

Define duration

Answer 10

The amount of time/information that can be held in a memory store before it is lost due to decay

Question 11

What is the sensory register?

Answer 11

-An automatic response to the reception of sensory information by the senses
-1st storage system in the MSM

Question 12

Will information reach the STM and LTM if it does not flow through the sensory register first?

Answer 12

No

Question 13

How is information stored in the SR?

Answer 13

-Unprocessed form
-Separate sensory stores for different inputs

Question 14

How is information encoded in the SR?

Answer 14

Iconic- visual information
Echoic- auditory information
Gustatory- taste information
Olfactory- smell information
Haptic- touch information

Question 15

How long is the duration of SR?

Answer 15

0.5 of a second (very brief)

Question 16

What is the capacity of the SR?

Answer 16

-Very large
-Highly detailed information is processed + changes format over time

Question 17

How does information from the sensory register get to the STM?

Answer 17

-Paying attention

Question 18

What is the duration of the STM?

Answer 18

-Up to 30 seconds

Question 19

Who tested duration of STM?

Answer 19

-Peterson and Peterson trigrams

Question 20

What is the capacity of the STM?

Answer 20

-5-9 items
-Millers 7+_2

Question 21

How is information encoded into te STM?

Answer 21

-Visual
-Acoustic

Question 22

How did Peterson and Peterson test duration of STM?

Answer 22

-Consonant trigrams
-After 3 seconds recall was accurate 80% of the time
-After 18 seconds it was only accurate 10% of the time
-Information in the STM lasts less than 30 second before it decays

Question 23

Who researched capacity of STM?

Answer 23

-Jacobs

Question 24

How did Jacobs test capacity of STM?

Answer 24

-Digit span test
-Gave participants a sequence of digits which increased by one digit every time and asked them to repeat it in the correct order

Question 25

Who investigated encoding in LTM?

Answer 25

Baddeley

Question 26

How did Baddeley investigate encoding of STM?

Answer 26

-Gave participants 4 word lists to recall
List A- words that sounded similar
List B- Words that sounded dissimilar
List C-Words that had similar meanings
List D-Words with dissimilar meanings

Question 27

What were the findings of Baddeley’s research? (for STM)

Answer 27

-STM is encoded acoustically (based on sound) rather than semantically (based on meaning)
-Participants recalled A less accurately than B but there was no difference between C and D

Question 28

Wat is the capacity of LTM?

Answer 28

Unlimited

Question 29

What is the duration of LTM?

Answer 29

Potentially forever

Question 30

Who studied duration of LTM and how?

Answer 30

-Bahrick
-Tested the recall of participants from year book photos 15 years after graduation (about 90%) accurate
-After 48 years it was about 70%
-Recall was lower when they just had to recall names

Question 31

Howe is information encoded into the LTM?

Answer 31

-Semantically

Question 32

Who carried out research into encoding of the LTM?

Answer 32

-Baddeley

Question 33

ow was research carried out into encoding of the LTM?

Answer 33

-Tested participant’s recall after a 20 minute delay to ensure information had passed into the LTM
-Participants recall was worse for list C than D but there was no difference between A and B

Question 34

Define Semantically

Answer 34

Add meaning and depth to information to get it into your LTM

Question 35

Who created the MSM and when?

Answer 35

Atkinson and Shiffrin 1968

Question 36

Is the model linear?

Answer 36

Yes

Question 37

Give a strength of the multistore memory model (memorys encoded semantically)

Answer 37

It makes sense that memories in the LTM are encoded semantically. I.e. you might recall the general message put across in a political speech, rather than all of the words as they were heard. However, It does not make much sense to think of procedural memory (a type of LTM) as being encoded semantically, i.e. knowing how to ride a bike through its meaning.

Question 38

Give another strength

Answer 38

There is a large base of research that supports the idea of distinct STM and LTM systems (e.g. brain-damaged case study patient KF’s STM was impaired following a motorcycle accident, but his LTM remained intact). HM also had his hippocampus removed from both sides of his brain and he could not form new long-term memories but he could remember things from before which provides evidence for the separate stores in the WMM

Question 39

Give a weakness of the MSM

Answer 39

Some research into STM duration has low ecological validity, as the stimuli participants were asked to remember bear little resemblance to items learned in real life, e.g. Peterson and Peterson (1959) used nonsense trigrams such as ‘XQF’ to investigate STM duration.

Question 40

Give another weakness of the MSM

Answer 40

The model is arguably over-simplified, as evidence suggests that there are multiple short and long-term memory stores, e.g. ‘LTM’ can be split into Episodic, Procedural and Semantic memory Suggests that STM and LTM are tunitary stores.

Question 41

Who investigated capacity of the SR?

Answer 41

Sperling- letter grid