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ANAT241 > 16 > Flashcards

16 Flashcards

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1
Q

Recap of the knee joint - lowkey dont learn this no exam questions

A

Tibofemotal (condylar joint - flexion extention and a bit of rotation) and patellofemoral joints (plane synovial joint - small sliding movements in all directions)

Joint capsule :

Ligaments of the knee joint:
- collateral
- cruciate
- patellar ligament

Menisci
Muscles

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2
Q

What is the role of the foot and ankle?

A

Stability
• Stable base to support body weight during stance and locomotion
• Rigid lever for effective push-off during gait

Mobility
• Influences other joints
• Flexible for shock absorption
• Conform to changing surfaces

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3
Q
A

Lateral malleolus belongs to the fibular
Medial malleolus belongs to the tibia

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4
Q

Most of weight bearing of the leg is through which bone

A

Tibia - 90%

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5
Q

What are the tibia and fibular joined by?

A

Interosseous membrane

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6
Q

What kind of joint is the superior tibiofibular joint

A

Synovial

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7
Q

What kind of joint is the inferior tibiofibular joint

A

Fibrous

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8
Q

What is the superior tibiofibular joint and inferior tibiofibular joint reinforced by?

A

– Anterior tibiofibular ligament
– Posterior tibiofibular ligament

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9
Q

What kind of joint is the middle tibiofibular joint?

A

Low key not a real joint
- but fibrous

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10
Q

Interosseous membrane
- what kind of tissue

A

DFCT

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11
Q

Function of the Interosseous membrane

A
  • keeps the tibia and fibula together - joins them
  • stable joint not much movement
  • helps compartmentalise the leg
  • site of muscle attachment
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12
Q

How many bones in the foot

A

28

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13
Q

How many composite joints in the foot

A

25

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14
Q

Tarsal bones

A

Bones of the feet

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15
Q
A
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16
Q

How many phalanges

A

14

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17
Q

How many metatarsals

A

5

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18
Q

Three feet arches

A

Medial longitudinal arch
Lateral longitudinal arch
Transverse arch

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19
Q
A
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20
Q
A
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21
Q

Transverse arch

A
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22
Q

Three arches of the foot

A

• Medial longitudinal
• Lateral longitudinal
• Transverse

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23
Q

What are the arches off the foot formed and supported by

A

Bones, ligaments, plantar fascia, muscles, tendons

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24
Q

What do the arches of the foot provide ?

A

• Stability and flexibility
• Absorb and distribute force
• Aid propulsion

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25
Joint classification of the ankle joint
Synovial Hinge (one plane)
26
Movements of the ankle joint
Dorsiflexion, plantar flexion
27
Muscles that pass over the dorsal (top) surface of the foot cause what movements?
Dorsiflexion of the ankle joint Extention of the toes
28
Muscles that pass over the plantar surface of the the foot cause what movement?
– plantarflex the ankle joint, and/or – flex the toes
29
What bones form the ankle joint socket ?
• Medial malleolus (tibia) • Lateral malleolus (fibula) • Inferior surface of the distal end of tibia The tibia and fibula articulate with the talus (trochlea surface)
30
What joint allows for inversion and eversion
The subtalar joint (between the talus and calcaneus)
31
Where is the subtalar joint ?
between the talus and calcaneus
32
Where does the joint capsule attach ?
Around joint margins
33
What is the ankle joint capsule strengthened by?
strong collateral ligaments (which are capsular ligaments)
34
What does the joint capsule do in the Sagittarius plane
AIDS stability
35
Two capsular ligaments that stabilise the ankle
Lateral collateral ligaments Medial collateral (deltoid) ligament
36
Function of the lateral collateral ligament
Restricts inversion
37
Function of the medial collateral ligament
Restricts eversion
38
What is the functions of the medial collateral ligament
Restricts eversion
39
Which is stronger the lateral collateral ligament or the medial collateral ligament
Medial
40
Which ligament is commonly damaged in ankle sprain
Lateral collateral ligament
41
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43
How many parts are there of the posterior compartment of the leg
Two parts Superficial and deep
44
What nerves supply the leg and foot?
45
Gastocnemois and solues are part of the superficial / posterior plantar flexor component
Yes
46
Origin and insertion of gastrocnemius
Origin - medial and lateral femoral condyles Insertion - calceneus via calcaneal (archilles) tendon
47
Function of the gastrocnemius at the knee
Flexion
48
Function of the gastrocnemius at the ankle
Plantarflexion
49
Function of the gastrocnemius during gait
Propulsion
50
Where is the soleus located in relation to the gastrocnemius
Deep - does not cross the knee joint
51
Origin and insertion of the soleus
Origin: - tibia and fibula (upper third) - interosseous membrane Insertion: - calcaneus via calcaneal (archilles) tendon
52
Function of the soleus muscle at the knee
No action
53
Function of plantarflexors at the ankle
Plantarflexion
54
What else is the soleus important for?
postural muscle (e.g., during standing, propulsion during gait)
55
what is an extrensic foot muscle
- muscle in the leg - long tendon attaching to foot
56
Features of extrinsic muscles
- control various foot movements - each muscle has a muscle belly in the leg and a long tendon attaching to the foot
57
What holds the tendons of extrinsic foot muscles in place ?
Retinacula
58
What are retinacula ?
Thickenings of the deep fascia of the leg
59
What are the tendons of extrensic foot muscles surrounded by as they pass under the retinacula?
Synovial tendon sheaths (To reduce friction)
60
61
What is the function for the retinacula
- hold tendons down as they pass around the joint - prevents floppy tendons
62
Where are the deep flexors located?
Deep posterior compartment of the leg
63
3 deep flexors
• Tibialis posterior (TP) • Flexor digitorum longus (FDL) (goes to toes 2-5) • Flexor hallucis longus (FHL) (goes to big toe)
64
Where do the tendons of the deep flexors pass in relation to the medial malleolus
Posterior This tells us they are involved in Plantarflexion
65
Origin and interior of tibialis posterior
Origin: Tibia Interssous membrane Insertion: Medial cuneiform and navicular
66
Insertion of the deep flexors - FDL and FHL
FDL: distal phalanges of toes 2-5 FHL: distal phalanx big toe
67
Where is the ankle do deep flexors + ect pass through
Pass through tarsal tunnel (transition from leg to foot, under flexor retinaculum)
68
Order of structures from closest of medial melleolus
• Tom Tibialis posterior • Dick Flexor Digitorum longus • And Artery (posterior tibial) • Very Vein (posterior tibial) • Nervous Nerve (tibial) • Harry Flexor Hallucis longus
69
Function of FHL and FDL at the ankle
Plantarflexion
70
Function of FHL at the toes
Flex big toe
71
Function of FDL at the toes
Flex toes 2-4
72
What other functions do deep flexors have
• Stabilise medial longitudinal arch (especially tibialis posterior) • Propulsion at toe-off (FHL)
73
What supports the head of the talus and why?
• Spring ligament supports the head of the talus • Further supported by the tibialis posterior tendon to maintain the medial longitudinal arch
74
75
What causes flat foot deformity ?
a ruptured tibialis posterior tendon
76
What is the third most frequent tendon rupture in the lower limb?
a ruptured tibialis posterior tendon
77
What does a ruptured tibialis posterior tendon result from?
aging, trauma or denervation
78
Three anterior muscles of the leg
• Tibialis anterior • Extensor digitorum longus (EDL) • Extensor hallucis longus (EHL)
79
80
Nerve supply of the anterior muscles of the leg
Deep fibuar nerve
81
Blood supply of the anterior muscles of the leg
Anterior tibial artery and vein
82
Function of the anterior muscles of the leg
- dosriflexion - extension of the knee
83
Where is the tibialis anterior located?
• Upper 2/3 of tibia and adjacent interosseous membrane
84
Where does the tibialis anterior arise from? Where does it insert into?
Origin: Tibia Insertion: • Medial cuneiform, base of 1st metatarsal
85
Where does Extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and Extensor hallucis longus (EHL) originate and insert into?
Insertions (dorsal surface) EDL: Distal phalanges of toes 2–5 EHL: Distal phalanx big toe
86
Where do the tendons of the anterior muscles of the leg pass under?
The extensor retinacula
87
What is the function of the anterior leg muscles at the ankle
Dorsiflexion
88
What is the function of the anterior leg muscles at the toes
Extension of the hallux/big toe (EHL), extension toes 2–5 (EDL)
89
What is the function of the anterior leg muscles at the subtalar joint
Inversion
90
What other functions does anterior muscles of the leg have?
Stabilise medial longitudinal arch (tibialis anterior)
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93
Two lateral muscles of the leg
Fibularis (peroneus) longus Fibularis (peroneus) breves
94
Origin of the Fibularis (peroneus) longus and Fibularis (peroneus) brevis
Fibular
95
Insertion of • Fibularis (peroneus) longus • Fibularis (peroneus) brevis
• Fibularis longus: base of 1st metatarsal (passes under foot) • Fibularis brevis:base of 5th metatarsa
96
What does fibularis longus do?
Helps stabilise the transverse and lateral longitudinal arches of the foot
97
Function of lateral muscles of the leg at the ankle
Plantarflexion (weak)
98
Function of lateral muscles of the leg at the subtalar
Eversion
99
Function of the lateral muscles of the leg at the toes
No action
100
Other functions of the lateral muscles of the leg
- both stabilise the lateral longitudinal arch - fibularislongus stabilises the transverse arch (due to its course along plantar surface of foot)
101
What tendons stabilise the medial longitudinal arch?
Medial longitudinal arch is supported by tendons that pass on the medial aspect of the foot such as tendons from: - tibialis anterior - tibialis posterior - long toe flexor tendons (when walking)
102
What tendons is the lateral longitudinal arch supported by?
Lateral longitudinal arch is supported by tendons that pass on the lateral aspect of the foot - fibularis longus - fibularis brevis
103
What tendons support the transverse arch?
The transverse arch is supported by tendons that pass transversely - fibularis longus - small intrinsic muscles of the foot also support the arch
104
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107
Whats in the superficial posterior compartment compared to the deep posterior compartment
Superficial posterior compartment - gastrocnemius - soleus Deep posterior compartment - tibialis posterior - flexor hallucis longus - flexor digitorum longus

ANAT241 (29 decks)

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