Lecture 14 Flashcards by Becky Ross

Function of the lower limb

• Movement and bipedal locomotion
• Weight bearing
• Force transmission

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4 regions of the lower limb

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Muscles of the limbs are
arranged in __________,
separated by ________

Muscles of the limbs are
arranged in compartments,
separated by fascia

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Muscles in each
compartment have a
common:

• Function
• Nerve supply
• Blood supply

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Pelvic girdle

Osteoligamentous ring

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What bones make up the pelvic girdle

sacrum
hip bones

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What does the pelvic girdle articulate with laterally

2 femurs

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What does the pelvic girdle articulate with inferiorly

Coccyx

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What does the pelvic girdle articulate with superiorly

L5 (disc and vertebral body)

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What is the function of the pelvic girdle?

• Protects and supports pelvic organs
• Transfer of forces from trunk and upper limbs
• Bony prominences for attachment of muscles and ligaments

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What is the function of the pelvic girdle

• Protects and supports pelvic organs
• Transfer of forces from trunk and upper limbs
• Bony prominences for attachment of muscles and ligaments

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Joints of the pelvic girdle

sarcoiliac joint X2
pubic symphysis

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What are the three fused hip bones and when do they fuse

• Ilium
• Ischium
• Pubis

(fuse in late teens, 16–18 years)

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Where do the 3 hipbones join

Join at the acetabulum = socket for the head of the femur

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What attaches to the ischial tuberosity

Hamstrings

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What do the hamstrings flex / extend

• Extend thigh
• Flex knee

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What ligaments attach here

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What covers the Obturator foramen

obturator membrane

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What passes through the obturator foramen

• Obturator nerve and vessels pass through it

What is the obturator membrane made of

DFCT

What ligament attaches between these two points?

Inguinal ligament

What’s near the inguinal ligament?

• Inguinal canal – superior to the inguinal ligament. Relevance to inguinal hernia. • Femoral artery – deep to the inguinal ligament. Location for catheterisation.

Articular surfaces of sacrum

What kind of joints are Sacroiliac joints (SIJs

• Synovial and fibrous joint complex

Function of Synovial and fibrous joint complex

• Stress-relieving ie., transmit loads but allow for slight ‘give’ • Function is a reflection of bony congruency and ligamentous support

What ligaments stabilise the SIJ? - primary

Interosseous is the strongest and thickest

What ligaments stabilise the SIJ? - secondary

Sacrospinous & sacrotuberous ligaments (secondary) function

• Resist rotation of sacrum between hip bones • Form boundaries of greater and lesser sciatic foramina

What forms the boundaries of the greater and lesser sciatic foramina

Sacrospinous & sacrotuberous ligaments

What structures exit through the greater sciatic foramen?

• Piriformis muscle • Superior and inferior gluteal nerves (supply the gluteal muscles) and associated blood vessels • Sciatic nerve (supplies posterior muscles of the thigh, all leg and foot muscles) Sciatic nerve

What does the sciatic nerve supply?

supplies posterior muscles of the thigh, all leg and foot muscles

What kind of joint is the public symphysis

Cartilaginous joint

Features of the pubic symphysis

• Pubic bones x 2 • Interpubic disc (made of fibrocartilage) • Stabilised by ligaments and surrounding muscles (especially the adductors)

Function of pubic symphysis

- to allow for a little bit of give - SHOCK ABSORBTION

Angle of inclination of femur =

125

What is functional significance of the 125 degree inclination of the femur

- pelvis is wider then our feet so we need the angle to compensate for the width of the pelvis

What muscles attach to the greater trochanter?

Hip abductor muscles

What muscles attach to the lesser trochanter?

- hip flexor muscles such as the iliopsoas

3 different fracture locations of the femur

- transcervical fracture of femoral neck - spiral fracture - intertrochanteric fracture

What kind of joint is the hip joint

• Synovial, ball and socket joint • Multiaxial

Bony component of the hip joint

− Acetabulum − Head of femur

Functions of the hip joint

- links lower limb to pelvis - stability > mobility - weight-bearing

Features of the hip joint joint capsule

• Joint capsule (two layers): – Outer, fibrous layer – Inner, synovial membrane (reduces friction) • Attaches around margin of acetabulum and to femoral neck • Reinforced by ligaments

Hip joint capsular ligament are difficult to …

distinguish from capsule

Functions of the capsular ligaments

• All ligaments are tight with hip extension (e.g., in standing) • This position is energy efficient (don’t need to rely on muscles for support)

Three main capsular ligaments of the hip joint

• Iliofemoral (Y-shaped, strongest) • Ischiofemoral • Pubofemoral Ligaments are not linear and therefore as well as maintaining extention, they prevent rotation

What is the labrum

- contributes to stability - it is fibrocartilage that attaches to the rim of the acetabulum