- allow head to squish in child birth - allows brain to grow

Lecture 12 Flashcards by Becky Ross

Major structures of the axial skeleton

skull
vertebrae (and discs)
sternum, ribs and cartilages
sacrum and coccyx

Yellow

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Main Functions of the skull

protect brain and brain stem
protect sensory organs
attachment sites for muscles

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What bones does the skull consist of?

• Cranial bones
– Calvaria (external)
– Base (internal)

• Facial bones

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How many bones in the skull

8 cranial
14 facial

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What are the joints of the skull called

Sutures (fibrous joints)
- made of DFCT
- allows some movement but not a lot

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Function of sutures

allow head to squish in child birth
allows brain to grow

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example of sutures dysfunction

(Synostosis = fusion of two or more bones )

Craniosynostosis = premature fusion of cranial sutures

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What is craniosynostosis ?

premature fusion of cranial sutures

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Where is the pterion?

menengeal artery underneath
if there is damage can cause rupture

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What are the joints of the skull called? - connect jaw to cranium

Temporomandibular joint

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What kind of joint is the tempomandibular joint ?

Synovial condyloid joint

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Parts that form the synovial condyliod joint

Articulation between the manipulation fossa and the condole of the mandible

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Features of the temporomadibular joint - synovial condyliod joint

joint capsule
synovial fluid
ligaments to strengthen the joint
articulable disc

To facilitate lots of movement

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Features of the mandible

• Condylar process/head articulates with the temporal bone via the TMJ
• Site for muscle attachments (e.g., for chewing, facial expressions)
• Alveolar processes for teeth

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Two key muscles of the skull

Temporalis and masseter

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How many facial bones are there

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Singular facial bones

Mandible
Vomer

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Paired facial bones

Maxillla
Zygomatic
Palatine
Nasal
Lacrimal
Inferior nasal conchae

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What is the bony base of the oral cavity formed by?

Maxilla and mandible

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Paired and singular cranial bones

Singular
- frontal
- ethmoid
- sphenoid
- occipital

Paired
- temporal
- parietal

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Functions of the cranial bones

protects the brain
attachment sites for muscles

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What does the frontal bone do?

Forms the forehead
contributes to upper margin of each orbital cavity

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Features of the frontal bone

• Supraorbital notch/foramen – contains supraorbital artery, vein, nerve • Supraorbital ridge/supercilliary arch – deep to the eyebrows

What does the Supraorbital notch / foramen contain

Contains supraorbital artery, vein, nerve

Where is the supraorbital ridge/supercilliary arch located?

Deep to the eyebrows

What are the margins of the orbital cavities formed by?

Frontal, zygomatic and maxilla bones

What are the walls of the orbital cavities formed by?

Numerous bones

What are the margin of the nasal cavity formed by

Maxilla and nasal bones

Function of orbital cavities

- holds eyeball - neurvascular structures

What forms the nasal septum

Vomer and ethmoid

What do the parietal bones form

Lateral and superior walls

What attaches to the temporal lines?

Temporalis muscle which elevates the mandible

Features of the temporal bone

- mandibular fossa (for TMJ) - zygomatic process - mastoid process - external acoustic meatus opening (tympanic part)

Function of the mastoid process

Important attachment site for muscles

Function of the external acoustic meatus opening

Opening into the ear

What does the occipital bone form?

The posterior wall

Purpose of the external occipital protuberance and its location

- needed for muscle attachment - located on the occipital bone

Features of the occipital bone

- posterior and floor of skull - occipital condyles ( articulate with cervicval spine - C1) - foramen magnum (large opening at base of skull for passage of spinal cord)

Sphenoid

Floor/base of the skull is divided by prominent ridges of bone into _____

Fossae

4 different fossa of the cranium

- anterior cranial fossa - middle cranial fossa - posterior cranial fossa - pituitary/hypophysial fossa

Functions of the vertebral column

- balances skull - supports thoracic cavity - attachment sites for muscles and ligaments - protects spinal cord

Two sections of spinal curvature

- kyphosis - lordosis

Kyphosis

- posterior curvature (convex) - primary - determined by shape of vertebra (In sacrum and thoracic spine)

Lordosis

- anterior curvature (concave) - secondary - determinded by the shape of vertebrae and discs (Cerivcal and lumbar)

Development of curves

- allow us to remain upright - gives as stablility

Movements of the spine

Spine can be defined as a

Flexible rod

How many vertebrae in each region of the spine

• Cervical (7) • Thoracic (12) • Lumbar (5) • Sacral (5) • Coccygeal (3-4)

Cervical skull is important for supporting

Skull

Thoracic skull is important for supporting

Ribs

Lumbar skull is important for

Weight bearing

Features of the vertebral arch

- posterior - muscle and ligament attachment - encloses spinal cord

Features of the vertebral body

- anterior - weight-barfing - (intervertebral disc)

Parts of the vertebral arch and what they do

- 2 pedicle : joins to body - 2 lamina : forms posterior wall of canal

Extensions of the vertebral arch

- spinous process - posterior - 2 transverse process - lateral - articular process - 2 superior, 2 inferior

Function of the articular processes (extensions of the vetebral arch)

- two superior - two inferior Functions • Together form the facet/ zygapophysial (Z) joints • Guide and direct movement • Orientation differs between regions

Features of the vertebral canal

- formed by connection between adjacent vertebrae and soft tissues - passage for spinal cord

Features of the intervetebral foramen

- formed by connection between adjacent vertebrae - spinal nerves exit

Features of intervertebral disc

- separates vertebral bodies - binds vertebrae - resists compression

Features of C1 and C2 specialised vertebrae

C1 (atlas) - no body - articulates with occipital condyles - key function is transmits forces from skull to cervical spine C2 (axis) - dens - no disc between C1 and C2

Atlanto-occipital joint

- occipital condyles (convex) - Atlas (superior facet) (concave) Primary movement if nodding (small amount if flexion/extention)