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Anatomy and Physiology II > 17) Blood > Flashcards

17) Blood Flashcards

Chapter 17: Blood. 1-20 quiz. 21-? notes (66 cards)

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1
Q

red blood cells with high oxygen concentrations are bright red because of presence of ___

A

oxyhemoglobin

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2
Q

mature red blood cells are also called ___

A

erythrocytes

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3
Q

the function of red blood cells are ___

A

to transport gasses

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4
Q

the shape of a red blood cell can be described as a ___ disc.

A

biconcave

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5
Q

when hemoglobin molecules are decomposed, a greenish pigment called ___ is formed.

A

biliverdin

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6
Q

___ is the oxygen-carrying substance in a red blood cell

A

hemoglobin

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7
Q

white blood cells with a granular cytoplasm are called ___

A

granulocytes

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8
Q

the most abundant type of plasma protein is ___

A

albumin

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9
Q

___ are the largest of the white blood cells

A

monocytes

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10
Q

red blood cells cannot reproduce because they lack ___ when they are mature

A

nucleus

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11
Q

the hormone released from the kidneys that promotes the production of red blood cells is ___

A

erythropoietin

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12
Q

in the presence of damaged blood vessels, platelets release a substance called ___, which causes smooth muscle contraction

A

serotonin

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13
Q

___ are normally the least abundant of the white blood cells

A

basophils

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14
Q

in red bone marrow, blood cells develop from cells called

A

hemocytoblasts

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15
Q

upon an injury, platelets adhere to ___ found in connective tissue

A

collagen

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16
Q

normally, the most numerous white blood cells are ___

A

neutrophils

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17
Q

___ are small agranulocytes that have relatively large, round nuclei with thin rims of cytoplasm

A

lymphocytes

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18
Q

white blood cells are also called ___

A

leukocytes

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19
Q

white blood lacking granular cytoplasm are called ___

A

agranulocytes

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20
Q

white blood cells whose cytoplasmic granulaes stain red in acid stain are called ___

A

eosinophils

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21
Q

type of connective tissue that transports substances between body cells and external environment.

A

blood

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22
Q

what substances does blood transport

A

nutrients, oxygen, waste, hormones

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23
Q

three types of formed elements found in blood

A

red blood cells (erythrocytes)
white blood cells (leukocytes)
platelets (thrombocytes)

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24
Q

plasma

A

complex mixture of water, amino acids, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins, hormoes, electrolytes, and cellular waste, and blood cells

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25
hemocytoblasts or hematopoietic stem cells
blood stem cells
26
hematopoiesis
creation of blood cells from blood stem cells
27
specialized blood stem cells
lymphoid stem cells- lymphoid stem cells myeloid stem cells- RBC, WBC, platelets
28
red blood cells
biconcave disc lack nuclei, mitochondria.
29
hemoglobin
vital protein that carries oxygen and carbon dioxide
30
oxyhemoglobin
hemoglobin combined with oxygen
31
deoxyhemoglobin
oxygen released from hemoglobin
32
red blood cell count
number of RBC in cubic millimeter of blood-RBC count 4,700,000-6.100.000/ microliters in adult males 4,200.000-5,400,000/ microliters in adult females 4,500,000-5,100,000/ microliters in children
33
erythropoiesis
*RBC formation- occurs in liver and spleen *carried out by red bone marrow
34
lifespan of red blood cell
*120 days *travels through the body about 75,000 times
35
erythropoietin
*controls red blood cell formation *low blood oxygen levels cause kidney and liver to release erythropoietin to stimulate RBC production, when oxygen returns to normal, production of hormone is inhibited
36
destruction of red blood cells
*damaged or worn RBC are phagocytized by microphages in liver and spleen *hemoglobin=> heme=> Fe & biliverdin=> *Fe to red bone marrow or stored into liver *biliverdin converted to bilirubin and secreted in the bile
37
white blood cells
*protect the body against infections by phagocytizing bacteria cells or producing antibodies *produced in red bone marrow
38
interleukins
hormone that controls the production of white blood cells
39
types of white blood cells
*Granulocytes- have granular cytoplasm, twice the size of RBC, short life span (12hrs) *Agranulocytes- without granular cytoplasm, produced mainly in red bone marrow, some produced in lymphatic system
40
types of granulocytes
*neutrophils- lobed nucleus, first to arrive at an infection site, phagocytize bacteria, fungus, and viruses, 54%-62% of leukocytes *eosinophils- bi-loved nucleus, defends against parasitic worm infections & allergic reactions, 1%-3% of leukocytes *basophils- migrate to damaged tissue, release histamine (promotes inflammation) and heparin (inhibits blood clotting), less than 1% of leukocytes
41
types of agranulocytes
*monocytes- largest type of blood cell, leave blood stream to become macrophages (phagocytize bacteria, dead cells, and other debris in tissue), 3%-9% of leukocytes, can live for several weeks or months *lymphocytes- slightly larger than RBC, large spherical nucleus surrounded by thin cytoplasm, 25%-33% of leukocytes, may live for years
42
types of lymphocytes
*T-cells- directly attack microorganisms, tumor cells, and transplanted cells *B-cells- proteins that attach foreign molecules
43
function of white blood cells
*protect against infection *phagocytosis- neutrophils and monocytes *inflammatory response- basophils
44
ameboid movement
self-propulsion of leukocytes to move through interstitial spaces
45
phagocytosis
engulfing and digesting pathogens by WBC
46
positive chemotaxis
release of chemicals to attract leukocytes
47
white blood cell counts
3,500-10,500/ cubic millimeter of blood
48
leukocytosis
increase in leukocytes (WBC) (>10,000/cu mm) usually because of infection, vigorous exercise, or loss of body fluids
49
leukopenia
decrease in leukocytes (WBC) (<5,000/cu mm) usually because of flu, measles, chicken box, AIDS, typhoid fever
50
platelets
*cytoplasmic fragments of megakaryocytes *half the size of RBC *150,000-350,000/cubic millimeter *helps control blood loss from broken vessels by sticking to broken surfaces- release serotonin to control blood flow
51
blood plasma
*clear, straw colored, liquid portion of the blood that suspends the cells and platelets *makes up 55% of blood *92% of the plasma is composed of water and contains organic and inorganic substances
52
function of blood plasma
*transporting nutrients, gasses, and vitamiins *regulates fluid and electrolyte balance and maintain pH
53
plasma protein
most abundant dissolved substance in plasma
54
three main types of plasma proteins
albumins- (60%) smallest yet most numerous proteins, help maintain osmotic pressure in blood globulins- (35%) transport lipids and fat-soluble vitamins, antibodies for immunity fibrinogens- (4%) plays key role in blood clotting
55
gasses and nutrients
*oxygen and carbon dioxide, nitrogen *nutrients include: amino acids, simple sugars, nucleotides, lipids-fats (triglycerides), phospholipids, cholesterol
56
nonprotein nitrogenous substances
urea- product of protein catabolism, 50% of nonprotein nitrogenous substances uric acid- product of nucleic acid catabolism amino acids- product of protein catabolism and amino acid absorption creatin- stores energy in phosphate bonds, regenerates ATP in muscles creatinine- product of creatine metabolism
57
plasma electrolytes
*can ionize in water and conduct electricity *absorbed from the intestine, released as byproducts of cellular metabolism *include sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, bicarbonate, phosphate, sulfate
58
hemostasis
*stoppage of bleeding *hemostatic action- blood vessel spasm, platelet plug formation, blood coagulation *effective in minor blood vessel injuries
59
clotting factor
chemicals used in coagulation
60
extrinsic clotting mechanism
*triggered by blood coming into contact with tissues outside blood vessels *triggered by tissue thromboplastin (factor III) *cascade involves (factor VII, factor X, factor V, factor IV, factor II *thrombin=> fibrinogen=> fibrin *fibrin sticks to damaged surfaces traps blood cells & platelets causing blood clot
61
intrinsic clotting mechanism
*chemicals inside blood triggers blood coagulation *starts with tissue damamge (hageman factor XII) *active when blood contacts foreign surface *cascade involves (factor XII, factor XI, factor IX, factor VIII, factor X)
62
agglutination
clumping of red blood cells in response to a reaction between an antibody and an antigen
63
antigen
any molecule that evokes an immune response
64
antibodies
proteins that react against a specific antigen
65
blood types and antibodies
A: has anti-B antibodies B: has anti-A antibodies AB: has no antibodies O: has both anti-A and anti-B antibodies
66
blood type compatibilities
O: universal donor AB+: universal recipient

Anatomy and Physiology II (14 decks)

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