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Anatomy and Physiology II > 28) Pregnancy, Growth, & Development > Flashcards

28) Pregnancy, Growth, & Development Flashcards

1-15 quiz, 16-?? lecture notes (49 cards)

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1
Q

this is the term for the developing organism from eight weeks until birth

A

fetus

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2
Q

the process of developing the tree germ layers

A

gastrulation

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3
Q

this is the term for developing organism up until eight weeks

A

embryo

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4
Q

hormone secreted by the corpus luteum that maintains the uterine lining

A

progesterone

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5
Q

hormone that targets mammary glands for milk production

A

prolactin

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6
Q

hormone secreted by extraembryonic tissue to maintain pregnancy

A

human chorionic gonadotropin

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7
Q

the term for the structure that is a ball of cells

A

morula

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8
Q

the process of forming organs

A

organogenesis

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9
Q

the structure that implants in the endometrium

A

blastocytes

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10
Q

the name for the dividing cells via mitosis in the early embryo

A

cleavage

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11
Q

structure that is formed from embryonic and maternal tissue

A

placenta

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12
Q

implantation normally takes place here

A

uterus

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13
Q

fertilization normally takes place here

A

uterine tube

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14
Q

term for the embryonic structure that has developed the three germ layers

A

gastrula

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15
Q

the name for the structure that is formed when the sperm and egg combine

A

zygote

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16
Q

pregnancy

A

*presence of a developing offspring in the uterus
*3 trimesters (each 3 months long)
*sperm reach secondary oocyte, fertilized 24-48hrs
*after 38weeks cell division, grow distinctive organs/tissue
*prenatal- period from fertilization to birth
*postnatal- birth to death

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17
Q

fertilization

A

*sperms chromosomes combine with those of secondary oocyte
*fertilized oocyte is called a Zygote

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18
Q

sperm transport

A

*sperm viable for up to 6 days after ejaculation
*most sperm doesnt make the 12cm trip to egg
*a few thousand out of millions make it to oocyte
*once at ovulated oocyte, must breach the outer layer to fertilize egg

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19
Q

layers of ovulated oocyte

A

*corona radiata
*zona pellucida
*secondary oocyte

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20
Q

acrosomal reaction

Study These Flashcards
A

several steps to sperm reaching oocyte:
1)approach, 2)acrosomal reaction, 3)binding, 4)fusion of membranes

21
Q

1) approach

Study These Flashcards
A

*aided by enzymes, sperm weaves thru corona radiata
*binds to sperm-binding receptors in zona pellucida, causing calcium channels of sperm to open, triggers acrosomal reaction

22
Q

2) acrosomal reaction

Study These Flashcards
A

*calcium influx, enzymes from many sperm are released, they digest holes in zona pellucida
*acrosomes in region release enzymes to digest zona pellucida
*many needed to clear path to oocyte membrane

23
Q

3) binding

Study These Flashcards
A

*after path cleared, sperm forcibly swims to oocyte membrane
*acrosomal collar on rear portion of acrosomal membrane binds to oocyte plasma & sperm-binding receptors
*oocyte form microvilli that wrap around sperm, triggers fusion of oocyte & sperm

24
Q

4) fusion of membrane

Study These Flashcards
A

*oocyte & sperm fuse
*cytoplasmic contents of sperm enter oocyte
*tail and other parts are left behind on oocyte membrane surface

25
polyspermy & monospermy
*polyspermy- many sperm enter oocyte *monospermy- one sperm enters oocyte
26
blocks to polyspermy
*oocyte membrane blocks *zona reaction *cortical reaction
27
oocyte membrane block
when sperm binds to sperm-binding receptor on oocyte: *sodium ion cates open > depolarize entire membrane *other sperm cannot bind to oocyte membrane *aka Fast block to polyspermy
28
zona reaction
entry of sperm into oocyte triggers calcium surge *activation of second meiotic division
29
cortical reaction
granules inside oocyte membrane release zona inhibiting protein *ZIP enzyme, into extracellular space below zona pellucida *zip destroys zona pellucida sperm-binding receptors *fragments swell, detaching any other sperm still around
30
completion of meiosis II and fertilization
*calcium surge triggers completion of meiosis II *ovum nucleus swells to become female pronucleus *sperm moves towards oocyte, swells, forms male pronucleus *DNA in each replicates, nuclear envelope dissolves, releases chromosomes near mitotic spindle *chromosomes combine, forming diploid zygote, fertilization occurs
31
cleavage
*occurs while zygote moves towards uterus *rapid miotic division, 36hrs, produces blastomeres *after 72hrs, cluster of cells contains 16 or more ells: morula
32
blastocyst formation
*around day 4-5, embryo reaches uterus *approx 100 cells, called a blastocyte-fluid filled hollow sphere *blastocyte: trophoblast cells & embryoblast *float for 2-3days, nourished by uterine secretions
33
trophoblast
*participates in placenta formation *displays immunosuppressive factors
34
embryolast
*cluster of 20-30rounded cells *becomes embryonic disc, will form embryo & 3-4 extraembryonic membranes
35
implantation
*6-7 days after ovulation, trophoblasts adhere to site *endometrium/uterine blood vessels become permeable & leaky *emndometrium eroded, blastocyte burrows>lining,* endometrium covers implanted blastocyte *corpus luteum maintained by hCG ***
36
human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
*prevents menstruation *secreted by trophoblasts & chorion> *corpus luteum secretion of progesterone & estrogen> *placental development
37
placenta
*temporary organ that originates from embryonic & maternal tissue *fully formed & functional by 3months *provides nutritive, respiratory, excretory & endocrine function *maternal & embryo blood supplies do not intermix
38
embryonic stage
*extends from beginning of 2nd week thru 8th week
39
extraembryonic membrane
forms during first 2-3 weeks of development from gastrula
40
amnion
*epiblast cells form transparent sac filled with amniotic fluid *buoyant environment, protects/free movement of embryo/fetus *maintains constant temp
41
yolk sac
*sac that hangs from ventral surface of embryo *forms part of digestive tube *source of earliest blood cells and blood vessels
42
allantois
*small out pocketing at caudal end of yolk sac *structural base for umbilical cord *becomes part of urinary bladder
43
chorion
*helps form placenta *encloses embryonic body & other membranes
44
gastrulation
*movement of cells within the embryonic disc form multiple layers
45
germ layer formation
gastrulation occurs 3weeks, embryonic disc transforms into 3 layer embryo with 3 layers: *ectoderm, *mesoderm, *endoderm (all primitive tissues, organs derive from)
46
ectoderm
become nervous system & skin epidermis
47
endoderm
become epithelial lining of digestive, respiratory, urogenital, & glands
48
mesoderm
becomes everything else
49

Anatomy and Physiology II (14 decks)

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