testing testing 2 Flashcards
1
Q
of the respiratory air volumes listed, which one has the largest volume?
A
vital capacity
2
Q
the first event in expiration is
A
the diaphragm and external respiratory muscles relax
3
Q
the right lung is composed of ___ lobes; the left lung is composed of ___ lobes.
A
superior middle and inferior; superior and inferior
4
Q
when carbon dioxide bonds to hemoglobin, the compound ___ is formed
A
carbaminohemoglobin
5
Q
the pharynx functions as a ___, whereas the larynx functions as a ___.
A
common passageway for air and food, passageway for air only
6
Q
which of the following muscles are useful in aiding forced expiration?
A
abdominals
7
Q
respiratory control centers are located in the ___.
A
medulla and pons
8
Q
intrapulmonary pressure is the ___.
A
pressure within the alveoli of the lungs
9
Q
microorganisms removed from incoming air by sticky mucus are most likely to be destroyed by
A
the digestive action of gastric juice
10
Q
which statement about CO2 is FALSE?
A
more CO2 dissolves in the blood plasma than is carried in the RBCs
11
Q
the first event in inspiration is
A
the diaphragm moves downward and the external intercostal muscles contract
12
Q
breathing functions to
A
deliver oxygen to cells, where it takes part in the reactions of cellular respiration that liberate energy from nutrient molecules and get rid of carbon dioxide, maintains the pH of the internal environment
13
Q
the trachea can be described as
A
all of these are correct (including about 20 C-shaped cartilage rings, lined with a ciliated mucous membrane, a passageway for air)
14
Q
which of the following refers to the movement of air into and out of the lungs?
A
pulmonary ventilation
15
Q
which of the following bones does not possess sinuses?
A
zygomatic
16
Q
which of the following proteins is the most important physiologically in the transportation of carbon dioxide by blood?
A
carbonic anhydrase
17
Q
which of the following is the correct sequence as air moves into the bronchial tree
A
primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, terminal bronchioles
18
Q
the most powerful respiratory stimulus for breathing in a healthy person is
A
increase of carbon dioxide
19
Q
the renal medulla is composed of ___, whereas the renal cortex is composed of ___.
A
renal pyramids; renal corpuscles and nephron tubules
20
Q
which of the following would increase the rate of glomerular filtration?
A
increased blood pressure
21
Q
nephrons whose corpuscles are located close to the renal medulla and are responsible for concentrating urine are called
A
juxtamedullary nephrons
22
Q
in which of the following portions of the nephron is water actively transported?
A
none of these is correct
23
Q
the countercurrent mechanism functions primarily in the
A
nephron loop
24
Q
whenever sodium ions are reabsorbed through the wall of the renal tubule by active transport, chloride ions are
A
reabsorbed by passive transport
25
which of the following indicates the parts of a renal tubule in the correct sequence from beginning to end?
proximal convoluted tubule, descending limb of nephron loop, ascending limb of nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule
26
the organs of the urinary system are
paired kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
27
the detrusor muscle is in the
urinary bladder
28
a renal corpuscle is a ___, whereas a renal tubule is a ___.
tangled cluster of blood capillaries; highly coiled tubule that leads away from the glomerular capsule
29
an increase in the glomerular osmotic pressure will result in___ the rate of glomerular filtration.
a decrease in
30
a decrease in the glomerular hydrostatic pressure of a glomerular capsule will result in___ the rate of glomerular filtration
a decrease in
31
the largest quantity of hydrogen ions is secreted
actively into the proximal convoluted tubule
32
as a result of excessively low arterial blood pressure, glomerular hydrostatic pressure
drops and filtration decreases
33
which of the following solutions is the strongest acid?
5.8 (the lowest number)
34
which of the following is an example of a physiological buffer?
renal mechanism
35
if the reabsorption of sodium by the renal tubular fluid increases
all of these are correct (plasma volume decreases, osmotic pressure of the renal tubular fluid increases, reabsorption of warter by the renal tubule decreases
36
which of the following metabolic processes is likely to serve as a source of hydrogen ions in body fluids?
all of these are correct (incomplete oxidation of fatty acids, anaerobic respiration of glucose, oxidation of sulfur-containing amino acids)
37
the acid-base buffer system in blood include
all of these are correct (bicarbonate buffer system, phosphate buffer system, protein buffer system)
38
extracellular fluids are characterized by relatively
high sodium and low potassium concentrations
39
when sodium ions are reabsorbed in response to the action of aldosterone, potassium ions are
secreted
40
the movement of water and electrolytes between fluid compartments is regulated primary by
hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure
41
the respiratory center is most likely to cause an increase in the breathing rate if
pH of body fluids is decreased
42
of the compartments of extracellular water, which is the largest?
interstitial fluid
43
compared to the average adult male, the average adult female body contains relatively
less water and more adipose tissue
44
if renal absorption of sodium by the renal tubule is inhibited, the
all of these is correct (osmotic pressure of the renal tubular fluid increase, plasma volume decreases, reabsorption of water by the renal tubule decreases)
45
which of the following body compartment is correctly matched with its location in the body?
extracellular- fluid in tissue spaces, blood in vessels, and lymphatic vessels
46
a by-product of amino acid catabolism in the liver is
urea
47
the reabsorption of glucose occurs primarily through the walls of the
proximal convoluted tubule
48
which of the following is not considered a function of the kidneys?
formation of plasma proteins
49
a renal corpuscle includes that
glomerulus and glomerular capsule
50
once in the glomerulus, the filtrate moves into the
renal tubule
51
the micturition reflex center is located in the
sacral segments of the spinal cord
52
the hormone ADH promotes water reabsorption through the wall(s) of the
collecting duct
53
which of the following correctly lists the order of the structures through which urine flows after its formation in the nephron?
calyx, renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra
54
respiration is
the entire process of gas exchange between the atmosphere and cells
55
the enzyme carbonic anhydrase causes
carbon dioxide to react with water
56
the force that can create a difficult situation for the alveoli to inflate and cause them to collapse is
surface tension
57
which of the following is a function of the mucus-covered nasal passages?
all of these are correct (entrapping small particles, moistening inspired air, warming inspired air)
58
which of the following is incorrectly described mechanism of CO2 transport?
attached to the heme part of hemoglobin
59
which of the following is NOT a stimulus for breathing?
rising blood pressure
60
the visceral and parietal pleural membranes are normally held together by
surface tension
61
the inverse relationship between pressure and volume is known as
boyle's law
62
inspiration occurs when the ___ is less than the ___.
intrapulmonary pressure; atmospheric pressure
63
the chloride shift
maintains the ionic balance between the red blood cells and the plasma
64
extensions of the nasal cavity that increases its surface area are called
conchae
65
how is the bulk of carbon dioxide transported in blood?
as bicarbonate ions in plasma after first entering the red blood cells
66
which of the following refers to the movement of air into and out of the lungs?
pulmonary ventilation
67
the amount of air that enters or leaves the lungs during a normal respiratory cycle is the
tidal volume
68
which of the following provides the greatest surface area for gas exchange?
alveoli
69
the force responsible for normal expiration is supplied by the
elastic recoil and surface tension
70
the local matching of blood flow with ventilation is ___.
ventilation- perfusion coupling
71
the visceral and parietal pleural membranes are normally held together by
surface tension
72
air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is ___.
greater than the pressure in the atmosphere
73
the cartilaginous structure at the base of the tongue that helps prevent food and liquid from entering the trachea
epiglottis
74
which of the following acts as the trigger for the initiation of micturition?
the stretching of the bladder wall
75
a decrease in the glomerular hydrostatic pressure of a glomerular capsule will result in ___ the rate of glomerular filtration
a decrease in
76
the micturition reflex center is located in the
sacral segment of the spinal cord
77
a renal corpuscle includes the
glomerulus and glomerular capsule
78
females are at a higher risk of contracting a urinary tract infection because
the female urethra is shorter than the males
79
once in the glomerulus, the filtrate moves into the
renal tubule
80
if excessive amounts of water are taken into the body
osmoreceptors in the brain begin to swell
81
a person in a moderate environment probably would lose the greatest of water by means of
urine
82
which of the following is most closely represents the percentage of water by weight in an adult male
65%
83
intracellular fluid includes the water and electrolytes within the
cells
84
the respiratory center is most likely to cause an increase in the breathing rate if the
pH of body fluids is decreasing
85
an alkaline solution is one that
combines with hydrogen ions
86
the male structure that corresponds to the female labia majora is the
scrotum
87
which of the following correctly describes the mechanism that causes an erection
none of these is correct
88
The structure the sperm enters upon exiting the vas deferens is the
ejaculatory tube
89
the correct statement about the uterine cycle
If fertilization occurs, the corpus luteum is maintained by a hormone secreted by the developing embryo
90
Which of the following hormones controls the release of anterior pituitary gonadotropins?
GnRH
91
the number of sperm cells that form from a primary spermatocyte is
4
92
If the testes fail to descend, a male is infertile because sperm cell formation is prevented by
relatively high internal body temperature
93
the egg, or ovum, is more correctly called
secondary oocyte
94
Following ovulation, a human egg cell can survive
a few hours
95
The basic difference between spermatogenesis and oogenesis is that ___
In oogenesis, one mature ovum is produced from the parent cell, and in spermatogenesis four mature sperm are produced from one parent cell.
96
The dartos and cremaster muscles are important to the integrity of the male reproductive system. Which of the following best describes how?
they regulate the temperature of the testes
97
During the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle, ___ reaches its highest levels
progesterone
98
The hormone mainly responsible for the development and maintenance of female secondary sexual characteristics is
estrogen
99
the critical factor that determines gender during development is
the SRY gene
100
___ is the movement of semen into the urethra while ___ is the movement of semen out of the urethra
emission; ejaculation
101
crossover occurs during
prophase I
102
The female structure that corresponds to the male penis is the
clitoris
103
Women athletes sometimes experience disturbances in their menstrual cycles because of
decreased synthesis of estrogen
104
the fetal heart structure allow circulating blood to bypass the
lungs
105
Which of the following is true in reference to what may pass through the placenta barriers
nutrients, respiratory gasses, waste, and alcohol
106
muscle tissue is formed by the ___
mesoderm
107
What is the term for the structure that is formed when the sperm and egg pronuclei fuse?
zygote
108
select the correct statement about fertilization
Millions of sperm cells are destroyed by the vagina’s acidic environment
109
The presence of endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm is first seen in the ___ stage
gastrula
110
Which of the choices below occurs if implantation is successful?
The corpus luteum is maintained until the placenta takes over the hormone-producing functions
111
Which of the following is NOT one of the primary germ layers?
neuroderm
112
The trophoblast is mostly responsible for forming the ___
placental tissue
113
The developing human is considered an embryo for how long?
eight weeks
114
Which hormone maintains the viability of the corpus luteum?
human chorionic gonadotropin
115
In the block to polyspermy, entry of the sperms contents causes ___ levels in the oocytes cytoplasm to rise, triggering the cortical reaction
calcium ion
116
Implantation takes place about ___ days after fertilization
6
117
The hormone measured in a pregnancy test is
hCG
118
a mode of inheritance where a heterozygote expresses an intermediate phenotype between dominant and recessive is called
incomplete dominance
119
the expressed form of a gene is described as the organisms ___
phenotype
120
select the statement that best describes the difference between a gene and an allele
genes express a specific trait while alleles are variations of a particular gene that result in the variation we see in the
121
if you breed two heterozygous individuals you expect to get ___% of the offspring to express the dominant trait
75
122
An individual that has identical alleles for a gene is
homozygous
123
For a mutation that is found on a gene on the X chromosome, the phenotype is most commonly seen in
males
124
The origin of the 46 chromosomes in a human zygote is
half from the sperm and half from the egg
125
If you breed two heterozygous individuals, you would expect to get a geneotypic ratio of ___ homozygous dominant, ___ heterozygous dominant, ___ homozygous recessive
25, 50, 25
126
How many alleles exist for a given gene?
Each gene can have a different number of alleles, but each human has two for each gene
127
sperm cells are stored primarily in the
epididymides
128
the structure of a testis can be described as composed of
all of these are correct (lobules that are filled with seminiferous tubules, seminiferous tubules lined with germinal epithelium that produces sex cells, seminiferous tubules that unite to form the rete testis, which joins the epididymis)
129
the interstitial cells of the testes produce
androgens
130
___ is when homologous chromosomes separate independently or in a random manner
independent assortment
131
the inner mucosal layer of the uterine wall is the
endometrium
132
the duct system of the male reproductive system includes all but which of the following?
corpus spongiosum
133
the ___ guides the descent of the testes in to the lower abdominal cavity
gubernaculum
134
the female structure that corresponds to the male penis is the
clitoris
135
egg cells are transported in the female reproductive tract by the ___. whereas sperm are transported in the male reproductive tract by the ___
action of ciliated epithelium in the uterine tube; movements of their tails
136
which of the following is not a layer of the uterus?
all of these are correct (perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium)
137
erection of the penis results from ___
a parasympathetic reflex that promotes release of nitric oxide
138
neural tissue is formed by the ___
ectoderm
139
the ring of supportive cells around the secondary oocyte that the sperm have to penetrate before reaching the cell membrane is called the
corona radiata
140
which embryonic structure produces human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
the syncytiotrophoblast
141
the early embryo contains two structures. which are they
the trophoblast and inner cell mass
142
at what point is meiosis II completed for the female gamete?
fertilization
143
what is the term for the structure that implants into the endometrium
blastocyst
144
which of the following is not an extra-embryonic membrane
inner cell mass
145
how many alleles exist for a given gene?
each gene can have a different number of alleles
146
a trait that is only expressed in homozygous individuals is know as
recessive
147
a person with blood type A (unkown genotype) and a person with blood type B (unknown genotype) may have a child that has
blood type A, B, O, or AB
148
the expressed form of a gene is described as the organisms
phenotype
149
colorblindness is carried on the X chromosome. if a woman who is a carrier for this trait has a child with a man who is not colorblind, what is the chances that they will have a child with color blindness
25%
150
a mode of inheritance where a heterozygote expresses an intermediate phenotype between dominant and recessive is called
incomplete dominance
151
an individual that has identical alleles for a gene is
homozygous
152
if you breed a homozygous recessive individual to a heterozygote, you expect to get ___% dominant phenotype
50%
153
the first step in oogenesis is when
a primary oocyte divides to form a secondary oocyte and a polar body
154
the primary organ of the female reproductive system is the
ovary
155
which is NOT a part of the proliferative phase of the female menstrual cycle?
corpus luteum secretion
156
undifferentiated spermatogenic cells are called
spermatogonia
157
about the time of ovulation, the anterior pituitary gland releases a surge of
LH
158
what structure gives rise to the embryonic portion of the placenta
chorion
159
how many sperm can fertilize a secondary oocyte for successful fertilization?
1
160
neural tissue is formed by the ___
ectoderm
161
which hormone maintains the viability of the corpus luteum?
human chorionic gonadotropin
162
implantation takes place into which layer?
endometrium
163
what two heart structures are unique to the fetal heart?
foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus
164
which of the following is NOT a correct matching of a fetal structure with what it becomes at birth?
ductus arteriosus- ligamentum teres
165
the early embryo contains two structures. which are they?
the trophoblast and inner cell mass
166
an allele that masks the effect of another is
dominant
167
a gene is
a DNA sequence that contains the information for producing one type of protein
168
in ABO blood typing, an AB blood individual expresses both A and B proteins on the surface of red blood cells. this type of inheritance is know as
codominance
169
which of the following best describes genotype and phenotypes?
a trait that is expressed such as eye colour is the phenotype and the gene responsible for eye color is the genotype
170
an individual that has two different alleles for a gene is
heterozygous
171
the ectoderm gives rise to what tissue in the adult?
skin and nervous
172
implantation normally takes place in the
uterus
173
if a woman just ended her menstrual phase, when is she most likely to ovulate?
in about 14 days
174
select the correct statement about the uterine cycle
if fertilization occurs, the corpus luteum is maintained by a hormone secreted by the developing embryo
175
which is NOT a part of the proliferative phase of the female menstrual cycle?
corpus luteum secretion
176
the constancy of the chromosome number from one cell generation to the next is maintained through ___
meiosis
177
fertilization normally occurs in the
uterine tube
178
what is the muscular tube that leads from the epididymis to the urethra in males
ductus deferens
179
which of the following has a conducting zone structure?
terminal brinchiol
180
which of the choices below determines the direction of respiratory gas movement?
partial pressure gradient
181
conscious control of micturation involves inhibiting the micturation reflex by using nerve centers in the
brain stem and cerebral cortex
182
which of the following is correct concerning the location of the kidneys
they are located behind the peritoneum
183
the constancy of chromosome number from one cell generation to the next is maintained through ___
meiosis
