17: Movement in Humans - Problems Flashcards
(18 cards)
The diagrams below show two elbow joints. One of them is healthy and the other is affected by osteoarthritis.
Identify the type of joint to which the elbow joint belongs, and give another example of joint which belongs to the same type of joint as the elbow joint. (2)
Hinge joint, Knee joint
The diagrams below show two elbow joints. One of them is healthy and the other is affected by osteoarthritis.
Use the letters in the diagrams to state the structures that help reduce friction between bones during arm movement. (2)
Y and Z
The diagrams below show two elbow joints. One of them is healthy and the other is affected by osteoarthritis.
With reference to the diagrams, explain why patients with osteoarthritis feel pain in the joints when they move. (3)
In the joints affected by osteoarthritis, structure Y (cartilage) that covers the end surfaces of the bones wears away.
The bones rub against each other during movement.
The pain receptors are stimulated to send nerve impulses, via the sensory neurone to the sensory area of the cerebrum, giving a sensation of pain.
An old woman suffers from severe pain at one of her knees. The X-ray image below shows the structure of her knees.
Explain at which knee she feels pain. (3)
The left knee.
The gap between the femur and the tibia is narrower in the left leg than the right leg. The bones are more likely to rub against each other during movement and they will eventually wear out, stimulating the pain receptors to send nerve impulses via sensory neurone to the sensory area of the cerebrum, giving pain sensation.
An old woman suffers from severe pain at one of her knees. The X-ray image below shows the structure of her knees. She can be treated by replacing the affected knee with an artificial knee.
State 4 structural differences between a natural knee and an artificial knee. (4)
Cartilage / fibrous capsule / synovial membrane / synovial fluid is present in a natural knee but absent in an artificial knee.
An old woman suffers from severe pain at one of her knees. The X-ray image below shows the structure of her knees. She can be treated by replacing the affected knee with an artificial knee.
Suggest why the implanted artificial knee may need to be replaced surgically after several years. (1)
The metal and plastic components of the artificial knee may wear out after being used for several years.
DSE 2013 IB Q2
The diagram below shows the structures of a joint.
Name the type of joint shown and suggest two examples of such a joint in the body. (2)
Hinge joint
Examples: elbow joint, knee joint
DSE 2013 IB Q2
The diagram below shows the structures of a joint.
Describe how A and B work together to bring about movement at the joint shown. (4)
A binds bones together,
and prevents dislocation of bones during movement.
B attaches muscles to bones,
and transmits the pulling force produced by muscle contraction.
The diagram below shows from structures of a fencer’s right leg.
With reference to the posture is the fencer, state two muscles in the above diagram that are contracting. (2)
Q and R
The diagram below shows from structures of a fencer’s right leg.
If structure T in the leg was injured, state how the movement of the fencer would be affected. (1)
It would become difficult to straighten the limb at the ankle joint.
The diagram below showed the structure is a human knee joint. Neurone P is connected to leg muscle Q.
Describe how contraction is muscle Q is triggered when nerve impulses arrive at the endings of neurone P. (3)
When nerve impulses arrive at the endings of neurone P, vesicles at the endings release neurotransmitter.
The neurotransmitter diffuses across the cleft in the neuromuscular junction and binds to the special receptors on the membrane of the muscle fibre.
The muscle fibre is stimulated to generate an electrical impulse. The impulse spreads along the muscle fibre and triggers muscle contraction.
The diagram below showed the structure is a human knee joint. Neurone P is connected to leg muscle Q.
State how the movement be affected if structure R is injured. (2)
The pulling force produced by muscle contraction could not be transmitted effectively to the bones.
It would become difficult to bend the limb at the knee joint.
DSE 2019 IB Q4
Diagrams I and II below show a person with both eyes moving right and then left. This eyeball movement is brought about by the coordination of different eye muscle pairs. Diagram III shows four of the muscles (P, Q, R and S), all connected to motor neurones controlling eyeball movement.
To bring about the eyeball movement shown in Diagram I, which muscle(s) contract(s)? (1)
Q and S
DSE 2019 IB Q4
Diagrams I and II below show a person with both eyes moving right and then left. This eyeball movement is brought about by the coordination of different eye muscle pairs. Diagram III shows four of the muscles (P, Q, R and S), all connected to motor neurones controlling eyeball movement.
One of the eye muscles of a person cannot fully contract. Suggest four possible defects that would lead to the impaired eyeball movement shown in Diagram IV. (4)
- Insufficient number of vesicles at the synaptic knob / Insufficient number of mitochondria to provide energy for the synthesis of neurotransmitter
- Insufficient number of neurotransmitters are released at the neuromuscular junction to stimulate R
- Insufficient receptors to bind with the neurotransmitters,
- The neurotransmitters degraded too rapidly
The electron micrograph below shows part of a neuromuscular junction.
Myasthenia graves is a disease leading to muscle weakness. It is caused by the blockage of receptors on muscle Z that receive the neurotransmitter. Based on this information and the electron micrograph, suggest how muscle weakness is caused and suggest one possible treatment. (3+1)
As the receptors on the muscle is blocked, neurotransmitter from neurone X cannot bind to them.
Therefore the muscle fibre fails to generate electrical impulses
to trigger muscle contraction.
Treatment: Taking drugs to remove the substances that block the receptors on the muscle fibres.
DSE 2015 IB Q5
Photograph P shows several muscle fibres associated with the terminal pats of neurone R and Photograph Q shows the detailed structure of a neuromuscular junction.
Explain which types of neurones R belongs to with a reason. (2)
Motor neurone,
because it is connected to an effector.
DSE 2015 IB Q5
Photograph P shows several muscle fibres associated with the terminal pats of neurone R and Photograph Q shows the detailed structure of a neuromuscular junction.
State the functional relationship between S and T shown in photograph Q. (2)
Aerobic respiration occurs at S to provide energy
for the synthesis of neurotransmitter stored in T.
DSE 2015 IB Q5
Photograph P shows several muscle fibres associated with the terminal pats of neurone R and Photograph Q shows the detailed structure of a neuromuscular junction.
Describe how nerve impulses can be transmitted across the neuromuscular junction leading to muscle contraction. (3)
When nerve impulses arrive at the endings of the motor neurone, vesicles at the endings release neurotransmitter.
The neurotransmitter diffuses across the cleft in the neuromuscular junction and binds to the special receptors on the membrane of the muscle fibre.
The muscle fibre is stimulated to generate an electrical impulse. The impulse spreads along the muscle fibre and triggers muscle contraction.
