17.1 and 17.2

Question 1

what are the 3 functions of the blood

Answer 1

transport
regulation
protection

Question 2

transport includes Delivering _____ from the lungs and ____ from the digestive tract to ______

Answer 2

oxygen
nutrients
all body cells

Question 3

Transporting metabolic waste products from ___ to ______

Answer 3

cells

elimination sites

Question 4

Transporting hormones from the ________ to their ______

Answer 4

endocrine organs

target organs

Question 5

Maintaining appropriate body temperature by absorbing and distributing heat throughout the body and to the skin surface to encourage ______

Answer 5

heat loss

Question 6

Maintaining normal pH in body tissues. Many blood proteins and other bloodborne solutes act as _____ to prevent excessive or abrupt changes in blood pH that could jeopardize normal cell activities. Blood also acts as the reservoir for the body’s “alkaline reserve” of _______

Answer 6

buffers

bicarbonate ions

Question 7

Maintaining adequate fluid volume in the circulatory system. As we will see, blood proteins prevent ________ from the bloodstream into the tissue spaces. As a result, the fluid volume in the blood vessels remains ample to support efficient blood circulation to all parts of the body

Answer 7

excessive fluid loss

Question 8

Preventing blood loss. When a blood vessel is damaged, ____ and ______- initiate clot formation, halting blood loss.

Answer 8

platelets

plasma proteins

Question 9

Preventing infection. Drifting along in blood are antibodies, complement proteins, and_________ all of which help defend the body against foreign invaders such as bacteria and viruses.

Answer 9

leukocytes

Question 10

Blood is a specialized connective tissue in which living blood cells, called the ______ are suspended in a nonliving flu id matrix called ____

Answer 10

formed elements

plasma

Question 11

Blood lacks the collagen and elastic fibers typical of other connective tissues, but dissolved fibrous
proteins become visible as _______ during blood clotting

Answer 11

fibrin strands

Question 12

Most of the reddish mass at the bottom of the tube is

Answer 12

erythrocytes

Question 13

A thin, whitish layer called the ______ is present at the __________

Answer 13

buffy coat

erythrocyte plasma junction

Question 14

what does the buffy coat contain

Answer 14

Leukocytes and platelets

Question 15

Erythrocytes normally constitute about ___ of the total volume of a blood sample, a percentage known as the _____

Answer 15

45%

hematocrit

Question 16

Normal hematocrit values vary.
In healthy males the norm is
in females it is

Answer 16

males - 47% ± 5%

females - 42% ± 5%

Question 17

Leukocytes and platelets contribute less than____of

blood volume. Plasma makes up most of the remaining ____ of whole blood

Answer 17

less than 1%

55%

Question 18

blood is technically made up of two things

Answer 18

plasma and formed elements (erythrocytes and buffy coat (leukocytes and platelets))

Question 19

blood pH is

Answer 19

slightly alkaline 7.35 to 7.45

Question 20

RBC count

Answer 20

women =  4.2-5.4 million cells per microliter
men = 4.7-6.1 million cells/µl

Question 21

average volume of blood in males and females

Answer 21

males = 5-6 L
females = 4-5 L

Question 22

plasma is mostly

Answer 22

water

Question 23

Although outnumbered by the lighter electrolytes, the heavier _______ are the most abundant plasma solutes by weight, accounting for about ____ of plasma weight.

Answer 23

plasma proteins

8%

Question 24

Except for hormones and gamma globulins (antibodies), most plasma proteins are produced by the

Answer 24

liver

Question 25

how much does albumin account for in plasma proteins

Answer 25

60%

Question 26

_____ acts as a carrier to _____ certain molecules through the circulation, and is the major blood protein contributing to the __________

Answer 26

albumin shuttle plasma osmotic pressure

Question 27

Most types of formed elements survive in the bloodstream for only a

Answer 27

few days

Question 28

Most blood cells ______. Instead, _____ divide continuously in red bone marrow to replace them.

Answer 28

do not divide | stem cells

Question 29

the solutes of the plasma fall in the categories of

Answer 29

``` electrolytes plasma proteins non protein nitrogenous substances organic nutrients respiratory gases hormones ```

Question 30

plasma proteins include

Answer 30

albumin, globulins (alpha, beta, gamma), fibrinogen

Question 31

electrolytes are the most abundant solutes by

Answer 31

number

Question 32

electrolytes can be

Answer 32

anions or cations

Question 33

what do electrolytes maintain

Answer 33

plasma osmotic pressure and normal blood pH

Question 34

plasma proteins have lots of functions list some

Answer 34

- contribute to osmotic pressure - maintain water balance in the blood and tissues - other transport and enzymatic functions

Question 35

most abundant plasma protein

Answer 35

albumin (60%)

Question 36

where is albumin produced

Answer 36

by the liver

Question 37

albumin is the main contributor to what

Answer 37

osmotic pressure

Question 38

globulins are what percent of plasma proteins

Answer 38

36%

Question 39

where are alpha and beta globulins produced

Answer 39

by the liver

Question 40

alpha and beta globulins are mostly

Answer 40

transport proteins that bind to lipids, metal ions, and fat soluble vitamins

Question 41

gamma are what

Answer 41

antibodies released by plasma cells during immune response

Question 42

By-products of cellular met abolism, such as urea, uric acid, creatinine, and ammonium salts

Answer 42

non protein nitrogenous substances

Question 43

``` Mat erials absorbed from digestive tract and transported f or use t hroughout body; include glucose and other simple carbohydrat es, amino acids (prot ein digest ion products), f atty acids, glycerol and triglycerides (fat digestion products), cholesterol, and vitamins ```

Answer 43

Nutrients (organic)

Question 44

``` Oxygen and carbon dioxide; oxygen mostly bound to hemoglobin inside RBCs; carbon dioxide transported dissolved as bicarbonat e ion or C02, or bound to hemoglobin in RBC ```

Answer 44

respiratory gases

Question 45

Steroid and thyroid hormones carried | by plasma proteins

Answer 45

hormones

Question 46

fibrinogen

Answer 46

4% of plasma proteins

Question 47

where is fibrinogen produced

Answer 47

liver

Question 48

what does fibrinogen

Answer 48

forms fibrin threads of blood clot