Blood: 17.4

Question 1

how much do WBCs account in blood volume

Answer 1

less than 1%

Question 2

On average, there are __________ WBCs/µl of blood

Answer 2

4,800 to 10,800

Question 3

However, white blood cells are able to slip out of

the capillary blood vessels-a process called _____

Answer 3

diapedesis

Question 4

the signals that prompt WBCs to leave the bloodstream at specific locations are _____________ displayed by endothelial cells forming the capillary walls at sites of inflammation.

Answer 4

cell adhesion molecules

Question 5

Once out of the bloodstream, leukocytes move through the tissue spaces by

Answer 5

amoeboid motion

Question 6

By following the chemical trail of molecules released by damaged cells or other leukocytes, a phenomenon called __________, they pinpoint areas of
tissue damage and infection and gather there in large numbers to destroy foreign substances and dead cells.

Answer 6

positive chemotaxis

Question 7

A white blood cell count of over 11,000 cells/µL

is called

Answer 7

leukocytosis

Question 8

what is the name of the condition that is a normal response to an infection in the body

Answer 8

leukocytosis

Question 9

what are the 2 major categories that group Leukocytes and what is it based on

Answer 9

the 2 categories are
Granulocytes
Agranulocytes
basis of structural and chemical characteristics

Question 10

Granulocytes

Answer 10

contain obvious membrane-bound cytoplasmic

granules.

Question 11

Agranulocytes

Answer 11

lack obvious granules.

Question 12

list the leukocytes in order from

most abundant to least abundant.

Answer 12

neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils

Question 13

Granulocytes include

Answer 13

neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

Question 14

Granulocytes are roughly spherical in shape.

They are larger and much shorter-lived (in most cases) than erythrocytes. T or F

Answer 14

true

Question 15

what is the shape of the nucleus of a granulocyte

Answer 15

lobed

Question 16

the granulocytes membrane-bound cytoplasmic granules stain quite specifically with ______________

Answer 16

Wright’s stain

Question 17

____ the most numerous white blood cells,

account for 50-70% of the WBC population.

Answer 17

Neutrophils

Question 18

Neutrophils are about _______ as large as erythrocytes.

Answer 18

twice

Question 19

The neutrophil cytoplasm contains very thick granules ( of two varieties) that are easy to see. T or F

Answer 19

F

they are very fine and actually difficult to see

Question 20

Neutrophils get their name (literally, “neutral-loving”) because?

Answer 20

their granules take up both basic (blue) and acidic (red) dyes

Question 21

the granules of neutrophils when stained give the cell’s cytoplasm a ______ color

Answer 21

lilac

Question 22

For neutrophils Some of these granules contain _____________, and are regarded as
___________.

Answer 22

hydrolytic enzymes

Lysosomes

Question 23

In neutrophils smaller granules, contain a potent

“brew” of antimicrobial proteins, called

Answer 23

defensins

Question 24

Neutrophil nuclei typically have ________ Jobes which is why they are also called ________

Answer 24

3 to 6
polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) or simply polys

Question 25

Neutrophils are our body's ______ slayers, and their numbers increase explosively during __________such as _________and ___________-.

Answer 25

bacteria acute bacterial infection meningitis and appendicitis

Question 26

Neutrophils are chemically attracted to sites of ________and are active ________-.

Answer 26

inflammation | phagocytes

Question 27

Neutrophils are especially partial to ingesting ____and some ____-, which they enclose in a vesicle called a _________

Answer 27

bacteria fungi phagosome

Question 28

One way that neutrophils kill bacteria is a process called a

Answer 28

respiratory burst

Question 29

During the respiratory burst, the cells metabolize oxygen to produce ___________substances such as _______ and __________. In addition, ______containing granules merge with the microbe-containing ______. As a result, defensins form _________that pierce holes in the membrane of the ingested "foe" and the bacterium _____.

Answer 29

``` potent germ killer oxidizing bleach and hydrogen peroxide defensin phagosome peptide spears lyses ```

Question 30

______ account for 2-4% of all leukocytes | and are approximately the size of neutrophils

Answer 30

Eosinophils

Question 31

Eosinophils nucleus usually has 3 lobes connected by a broad band of nuclear material. T or F

Answer 31

F | its actually 2 not 3

Question 32

Eosinophils Large, coarse granules that stain from brick red to _____with acid (____) dyes pack the cytoplasm.

Answer 32

crimson | Eosin

Question 33

Eosinophils granules are ________like and filled with a unique variety of ________ However, unlike typical _____, they lack enzymes that specifically ______.

Answer 33

lysosome digestive enzymes lysosomes digest bacteria

Question 34

The most important role of eosinophils is to

Answer 34

lead the counterattack against parasitic worms, such as flatworms (tapeworms and flukes) and round worms (pin worms and hookworms) that are too large to be phagocytized.

Question 35

worms are ingested in food especially in ______ or invade the body via the ____ and then typically burrow into the ___________

Answer 35

raw fish skin intestinal or respiratory mucosae

Question 36

Eosinophils reside in the______________at the same body sites, and when they encounter a parasitic worm "prey," they gather around and release the _________from their cytoplasmic granules onto the parasite's surface, digesting it away.

Answer 36

loose connective tissues | enzymes

Question 37

Eosinophils have complex roles in many other diseases | including

Answer 37

allergies and asthma

Question 38

While they eosinophils contribute to the ________ that occurs in many________, we are also beginning to recognize them as important _________ of the immune response.

Answer 38

tissue damage immune processes modulators

Question 39

_________ are the rarest white blood cells, accounting for only 0.5-1 % of the leukocyte population

Answer 39

Basophils

Question 40

________ cytoplasm contains large, coarse, _______-containing granules that have an affinity for the ______dyes and stain ________

Answer 40

basophils histamine basic purplish black

Question 41

what is the inflammatory chemical that acts as a vasodilator (makes blood vessels dilate) and attracts other white blood cells to the inflamed site

Answer 41

histamine

Question 42

what drugs counter the effect of histamine

Answer 42

antihistamines

Question 43

what is the shape of the nucleus of basophils

Answer 43

U or S shaped

Question 44

Granulated cells similar to basophils, called ______cells, are found in _______

Answer 44

mast | connective tissue

Question 45

Although mast cell nuclei tend to be more ____than lobed, the cells are similar microscopically, and both cell types bind to a particular antibody _____________ that causes the cells to release ______. However, mast cells and basophils arise from ______cell lines.

Answer 45

oval immunoglobin E histamine different

Question 46

The agrauulocytes include

Answer 46

lymphocytes and monocytes

Question 47

_______ accounting for 25% or more of the WBC population, are the second most numerous leukocytes in the blood.

Answer 47

lymphocytes

Question 48

When stained, a typical lymphocyte has a __________________________ that occupies ______ of the cell volume. The nucleus is usually _______ but may be slightly _____, and it is surrounded by a ______ of ___________

Answer 48

``` large, dark-purple nucleus most spherical indented thin rim pale blue cytoplasm ```

Question 49

classification of lymphocytes

Answer 49

small diameter 5-8 micro meters medium 10-12 micro meters large 14-17 micro meters

Question 50

Large numbers of lymphocytes exist in the body, but relatively few (mostly the small lymphocytes) are found in the _______. In fact, lymphocytes are so called because most are closely associated with_______________where they play a crucial role in _______.

Answer 50

bloodstream lymphoid tissue (lymph nodes, spleen) immunity

Question 51

_________ function in the immune response by | acting directly against virus-infected cells and tumor cells

Answer 51

T lymphocytes (T cells)

Question 52

_________ give rise to plasma cells, which produce ________(___________) that are released to the blood.

Answer 52

``` B lymphocytes (B cells) antibodies (immunoglobulins) ```

Question 53

________ account for 3-8% of WBCs.

Answer 53

monocytes

Question 54

monocytes have an average diameter of _______ making them the ______ leukocytes

Answer 54

18 micrometers | largest

Question 55

monocytes have abundant _________ cytoplasm and a darkly staining ______ nucleus, which is often___________

Answer 55

pale blue purple U or kidney shaped

Question 56

When circulating monocytes leave the bloodstream and enter the tissues, they differentiate into highly mobile ________ with prodigious appetites.

Answer 56

macrophages

Question 57

Macrophages are actively ______, and they are crucial in the body's defense against ______, certain ____________, and chronic ______ such as _________.

Answer 57

``` phagocytic viruses intracellular bacterial parasites infections tuberculosis ```

Question 58

macrophages can also activate _______to mount an immune response

Answer 58

lymphocytes

Question 59

what is the name of the process of production of WBCs

Answer 59

leukopoiesis

Question 60

the production of WBCs is stimulated by what

Answer 60

chemical messangers

Question 61

the chemical messangers that stimulate WBCs production can act either as _______ or _________

Answer 61

paracrines | Hormones

Question 62

the chemical messangers are what

Answer 62

glycoproteins that fall into two families of hematopoietic factors, interleukins and colony-stimulating factors, or CSFs.

Question 63

the interleukins _________

Answer 63

are numbered

Question 64

but most CSFs are named for the

Answer 64

leukocyte population they stimulate for example, granulocyte-CSF (G-CSF) stimulates production of granulocytes

Question 65

Hematopoietic factors, released by supporting cells of the _________ and mature _________, not only prompt the white blood cell precursors to _____and _____, but also enhance the _____potency of mature _______-

Answer 65

``` red bone marrow WBCs divide mature protective leukocytes ```

Question 66

give examples of the hematopoietic hormones

Answer 66

EPO and several of the CSFs

Question 67

what are EPO and several of the CSFs used clinically for

Answer 67

These hormones stimulate the bone marrow of cancer patients who are receiving chemotherapy (which suppresses the marrow) those who have received stem cell transplants. They are also used to beef up the protective responses of AIDS patients

Question 68

Overproduction of abnormal leukocytes occurs in ______ and____________

Answer 68

leukemia | infectious mononucleosis

Question 69

what is an abnormally low white blood cell count | commonly induced by drugs, particularly glucocorticoids and anticancer agents

Answer 69

leukopenia

Question 70

At the opposite pole, leukopeuia is an abnormally low white blood cell count commonly induced by drugs, particularly __________ and _______________.

Answer 70

glucocorticoids | anticancer agents

Question 71

_______ refers to a group of cancerous conditions involving overproduction of abnormal white blood cells

Answer 71

leukemia

Question 72

As a rule, the renegade leukocytes are members of a _______

Answer 72

single clone

Question 73

As a rule, the renegade leukocytes are members of a single clone (descendants of a single cell) that remain ________ and ____________, impairing normal _____________ function

Answer 73

unspecialized proliferate out of control red bone marrow

Question 74

which leukemia is quickly advancing because it derives from stem cells

Answer 74

Acute leukemia

Question 75

which leukemia is slowly advancing because it involves | proliferation of later cell stages.

Answer 75

chronic leukemia

Question 76

which leukemia involves myeloblast descendants.

Answer 76

Myeloid leukemia

Question 77

which leukemia involves lymphocytes

Answer 77

lymphocytic leukemia

Question 78

The more serious acute forms primarily affect ________

Answer 78

children

Question 79

Chronic leukemia occurs more often in

Answer 79

elderly people

Question 80

Without therapy, all leukemias are _____, and only the ________ differs.

Answer 80

fatal | time course

Question 81

in all leukemias, cancerous _____ fill the red bone marrow and _________ flood into the bloodstream

Answer 81

leukocytes | immature WBCs

Question 82

in leukemia The other blood cell lines are crowded out, so _________ and _________ result

Answer 82

severe anemia | bleeding problems

Question 83

symptoms of leukemia

Answer 83

fever weight loss bone pain

Question 84

most common causes of death for people with leukemia

Answer 84

internal hemorrhage | overwhelming affection

Question 85

________and __________can destroy the rapidly dividing cells and induce ______ lasting from months to years. _____ transplants are used in selected patients when compatible donors are available.

Answer 85

irradiation antileukemic drugs remission stem cell

Question 86

Infectious Mononucleosis is Sometimes called the

Answer 86

kissing disease

Question 87

what is infectious mononucleosis

Answer 87

highly contagious viral disease most often seen in young adults

Question 88

infectious mononucleosis Caused by the ___________, the disease has a hallmark of excessive numbers of __________.

Answer 88

Epstein-Barr virus | lymphocytes

Question 89

in infectious mononucleosis Many of these lymphocytes are so ____ and ____that they were originally misidentified as _____, and the disease was mistakenly named ________

Answer 89

large atypical monocytes mononucleosis

Question 90

symptoms of mononucleosis

Answer 90

tired achy chronic sore throat love grade fever

Question 91

mononucleosis recovery with rest takes about ...

Answer 91

4 to 6 weeks