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MIBO3500 > Chapter 2/4: Bacterial Cell Walls > Flashcards

Chapter 2/4: Bacterial Cell Walls Flashcards

1
Q

What are most bacterial cell walls composed of?

A

Peptidoglycan

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2
Q

Which two alternating molecules make up petidoglycan?

A

NAM, NAG

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3
Q

Which peptidoglycan subunit is cross-linked at adjacent layers by peptide bonds?

A

NAM

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4
Q

Which two amino acids are connected by a single peptide bond in peptidoglycan cross-linking?

A

DAP, D-Ala

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5
Q

Which two amino acids are connected by a pentaglycine interbridge in peptidoglycan-cross linking?

A

L-Lys, D-Ala

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6
Q

What type of bacteria use a single peptide bond in peptidoglycan cross-linking?

A

Gram negative

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7
Q

What type of bacteria use a pentaglycine interbridge in peptidoglycan cross-linking?

A

Gram positive

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8
Q

What molecule acts as a carrier for NAM in peptidoglycan synthesis?

A

UDP

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9
Q

What serves as a transport channel across the plasma membrane in peptidoglycan synthesis?

A

Bactoprenol

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10
Q

What is the name for the space between the plasma membrane and cell wall?

A

Periplasm

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11
Q

What protein can cleave the bond between NAM-NAG subunits in the peptidoglycan backbone?

A

Lysozyme

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12
Q

What type of structure forms in Gram positive cells after lysozyme treatment?

A

Protoplast

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13
Q

What type of structure forms in Gram negative cells after lysozyme treatment?

A

Spheroplast

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14
Q

What molecule can cleave the peptide interbridge cross-link in certain Staphylococcus species?

A

Lysostaphin

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15
Q

What type of antibiotics prevent transpeptidation?

A

Beta-lactam

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16
Q

What is produced in resistance to Beta-lactam antibiotics?

A

Beta-lactamases

17
Q

What drug binds to Bactoprenol to prevent subunit synthesis and transport?

A

Bacitracin

18
Q

What drug prevents NAM-NAG linkages from forming and transpeptidation?

A

Vancomycin

19
Q

What are three types of Beta-lactam antibiotics?

A

Penicillin, Ampicillin, Cephalosporin

20
Q

What types of major phenetic group divisions are based on cell wall chemistry differences?

A

Gram positive vs. Gram negative, Acid fast vs. non acid-fast

21
Q

What type of bacteria lack a cell wall completely?

A

Mycoplasma sp.

22
Q

What color are Gram-negative cells stained?

A

Pink

23
Q

What color are Gram-positive cells stained?

A

Purple

24
Q

What type of cell walls have a thick outer layer of peptidoglycan and a very narrow periplasmic space?

A

Gram-positive cell walls

25
Q

What negatively charged molecules spear through the peptidoglycan layers in Gram-positive cell walls?

A

Teichoic acids

26
Q

What function do Teichoic acids serve in Gram-positive cell walls?

A

Structure

27
Q

What type of cell walls have a varying width periplasmic space and a thin layer of peptidoglycan?

A

Gram-negative cell walls

28
Q

What type of cell walls have an additional outer membrane?

A

Gram-negative cell walls

29
Q

What is the outer membrane composed of in Gram-negative cell walls?

A

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

30
Q

What type of cell walls have a peptidoglycan layer with large pores?

A

Gram-positive cell walls

31
Q

What proteins serve in transport in Gram-negative cells?

A

Porin, TonB

32
Q

What type of rare transporters allow movement from the periplasm directly to the outside of the cell?

A

Autotransporters

33
Q

What type of transporters shuttle materials from the cytoplasm to outside of cell in a single step?

A

Type III

34
Q

What primary stain is used in a gram stain?

A

Crystal violet

35
Q

What mordant is used in a gram stain to crystallize purple stain?

A

Gram’s iodine

36
Q

What decolorizer dissolves lipopolysaccharides and shrinks Gram-positive large pores in a gram stain?

A

95% ethanol

37
Q

What counterstain enters only vacant cells in a gram stain?

A

Safranin

MIBO3500 (17 decks)

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