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Pathohysiology > Altered Cell Biology > Flashcards

Altered Cell Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Metaplasia

A

replacement of one cell type with another cell type. Can lead to cancer.It’s an abnormal change where the cell is usually replaced with a less differentiated cell type.

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2
Q

Dysplasia

A

Loss of normal organization of cells. Often leads to cancer. (abnormal condition)

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3
Q

differentiation

A

ask

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4
Q

True or False: Altered cellular processes underlie all physiological pathologies

A

true

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5
Q

physiologic vs pathologic

A

ask

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6
Q

Atrophy

A

cells shrink and wrinkle in size

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7
Q

hypertrophy

A

cells increase in size and not number

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8
Q

hyperplasia

A

cells increase in number and not size

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9
Q

reversible cell injury

A

can be fixed

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10
Q

irreversible cell injury

A

leads to cell death

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11
Q

hypoxic

A

loss of oxygen

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12
Q

ischemia

A

a restriction of blood supply to tissue causing a shortage of oxygen and glucose necessary for cell metabolism. A type of hypoxic injury.

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13
Q

Anoxia

A
  • Decrease in ATP

- Reperfusion injury

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14
Q

Decrease in ATP Anoxia

A

failure of Na-K pump and Ca pump and causes cellular swelling

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15
Q

Reperfusion injury

A

caused by a rush of nutrients that it wasn’t getting before.

  • ROS Synthess
  • Lipid peroxidation
  • Alteration of Proteins
  • Alteration of DNA
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16
Q

Asphyxial Injuries

A

Caused by a failure of cells to receive or use oxygen

  • suffocation
  • strangulation (hanging, ligature, and manual strangulation)
  • chemical asphyxiants
  • drowning
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17
Q

how is propane a chemical asphyxiant?

A

propane pushes oxygen out

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18
Q

Chemical Injury

A 
Lead
Carbon Monoxide
Ethanol 
Mercury 
Social or street drug
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19
Q

Tissue Injuries

A 
application of mechanical energy to the body resulting in the tearing, shearing, or crushing of tissues
Contusion 
Abrasion 
laceration 
fractures
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20
Q

contusion

A

deep bruise

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21
Q

hematoma

A

normal bruise

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22
Q

abrasion

A

scrape

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23
Q

laceration

A

tear

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24
Q

Sharp force injuries

A

incised wounds
stab wounds
puncture wounds
chopping wounds

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25
Q

incised wounds

A

longer than they are deep

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26
Q

stab wounds

A

deeper than they are long

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27
Q

puncture wounds

A

caused by sharp point, but not sharp edge. (so like a nail)

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28
Q

Chopping Wounds

A

combination of blunt and sharp characteristics

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29
Q

Pathogenicity

A

the potential of a microorganism or virus to cause disease

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30
Q

infectious Injuries

A

pathogenicity (virulence) of a microorganism related to disease producing potential

  • invasion and destruction of cells
  • toxin production
  • production of hypersensitivity reactions
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31
Q

injurious genetic factors

A

alterations in the plasma membrane structure, shape, receptors, or transport mechanisms
ex:sickle cell anemia and muscular dystrophy

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32
Q

injurious nutritional imbalances

A

essential nutrients are required for cells to function normally.

  • deficient intake
  • excessive intake
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33
Q

Environmental injuries

A

hypothermic injury

hyperthermic injury

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34
Q

Hypothermic injury

A

slows cells metabolic processes

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35
Q

hyperthermic injury

A

heat cramps
heat exhaustion
heatstroke

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36
Q

heat cramps

A

cramping of voluntary muscles

not very much salt and water loss

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37
Q

heat exhaustion

A 
hemoconcentration 
hypvolemia 
nausea 
water levels go down due to sweat and hematocrate levels will go up
moderate degree of sweat and water loss
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38
Q

heat stroke

A

considerable degree of salt and water loss
fever (106F)
hypotension
hypovolemia (which is creating hypertension)
soft tissue failure (brain, liver, kidneys, etc)

39
Q

Radiation injuries

A

any form of radiation capable of removing orbital electrons from atoms (ex: X-rays, gamma rays)

40
Q

Mechanism of radiation damage

A

chromosomal aberrations
-DNA breaks, deletions, translocations, thymidine dimers
Affects membranes and proteins
-short lived.
Some cells are more susceptible to these changes.

41
Q

which cells are constantly regenerating?

A

gastrointestinal cells, fetus, bone marrow cells

42
Q

How does cellular injury manifest itself?

A

Cellular accumulations like:

  • water
  • lipids and carbohydrates
  • glycogen
  • proteins
43
Q

hydropic degeneration (oncosis) happens when:

A

membranes lose the ability to regulate ion permeability

44
Q

necrosis

A

sum of cellular changes after local cell death and the process of cellular autodigestion which promotes local inflammation

45
Q

The processes of necrosis

A

pylnosis–>Karyorrhexis–>karyolysis

46
Q

pyknosis

A

clumping of chromatin in the nucleus

47
Q

karyorrhexis

A

fragmentation of the nucleus

48
Q

karyolysis

A

nuclear dissolution and chromatin lysis

49
Q

Apoptosis

A

programmed normal cell death

cells must die in order to clean. it’s an internal process.

50
Q

Necrosis is not normal cell death

A

True

51
Q

coagulative necrosis

A 
protein denaturation (albumin changes into an opaque state. Albumin is most prevalent in the blood an causes the white spots in the liver) 
most common in: kidneys, heart, spleen, and adrenal glands
52
Q

Liquefactive necrosis

A

neurons and glial cells of the brain. A result of activation of hydrolytic enzymes.

53
Q

caseous Necrosis

A

a combination of coagulative and liquefactive necrosis. most common with tuberculosis in the lung. got it’s name because they thought it looked like cottage cheese and cottage cheese is full of casine.

54
Q

Fat Necrosis

A

Action of lipases (saponification)
deposites are made of fatty acids and calcium
most common in pancreas, breast, and other abdominal organs.

55
Q

Gangrenous necrosis

A

usually a result of hypoxia

occurs in the limbs and not the organs

56
Q

Dry gangrenous necrosis

A

most common in diabetes.
insufficient blood
coagulative
dry, crusty, black

57
Q

Wet Gangrenous Necrosis

A

infection
liquefactive
cold, swollen, black
foul odor (pus)

58
Q

Gas Gangrenous necrosis

A

clostridium infection

59
Q

How can you treat necrosis?

A

Revascularization so that you can save any function you have in whatever cells you have left. You can also treat the infection.

60
Q

somatic death

A

death of an entire person

61
Q

postmortem changes

A

Algor mortis
livor mortis
rigor mortis
postmortem autolysis

62
Q

Algor mortis

A

reduction of body temperature

63
Q

livor mortis

A

purple color of lowest tissue due to settling of blood from gravity

64
Q

rigor mortis

A

muscle stiffening ( inc. ATP dec. Ca2+)

65
Q

Postmortem autolysis

A

lytic dissolution of cells/tissues

66
Q

which cells are constantly regenerating?

A

gastrointestinal cells, fetus, bone marrow cells

67
Q

How does cellular injury manifest itself?

A

Cellular accumulations like:

  • water
  • lipids and carbohydrates
  • glycogen
  • proteins
68
Q

hydropic degeneration (oncosis) happens when:

A

membranes lose the ability to regulate ion permeability

69
Q

necrosis

A

sum of cellular changes after local cell death and the process of cellular autodigestion which promotes local inflammation

70
Q

The processes of necrosis

A

pylnosis–>Karyorrhexis–>karyolysis

71
Q

pyknosis

A

clumping of chromatin in the nucleus

72
Q

karyorrhexis

A

fragmentation of the nucleus

73
Q

karyolysis

A

nuclear dissolution and chromatin lysis

74
Q

Apoptosis

A

programmed normal cell death

cells must die in order to clean. it’s an internal process.

75
Q

Necrosis is not normal cell death

A

True

76
Q

coagulative necrosis

A 
protein denaturation (albumin changes into an opaque state. Albumin is most prevalent in the blood an causes the white spots in the liver) 
most common in: kidneys, heart, spleen, and adrenal glands
77
Q

Liquefactive necrosis

A

neurons and glial cells of the brain. A result of activation of hydrolytic enzymes.

78
Q

caseous Necrosis

A

a combination of coagulative and liquefactive necrosis. most common with tuberculosis in the lung. got it’s name because they thought it looked like cottage cheese and cottage cheese is full of casine.

79
Q

Fat Necrosis

A

Action of lipases (saponification)
deposites are made of fatty acids and calcium
most common in pancreas, breast, and other abdominal organs.

80
Q

Gangrenous necrosis

A

usually a result of hypoxia

occurs in the limbs and not the organs

81
Q

Dry gangrenous necrosis

A

most common in diabetes.
insufficient blood
coagulative
dry, crusty, black

82
Q

Wet Gangrenous Necrosis

A

infection
liquefactive
cold, swollen, black
foul odor (pus)

83
Q

Gas Gangrenous necrosis

A

clostridium infection

84
Q

How can you treat necrosis?

A

Revascularization so that you can save any function you have in whatever cells you have left. You can also treat the infection.

85
Q

somatic death

A

death of an entire person

86
Q

postmortem changes

A

Algor mortis
livor mortis
rigor mortis
postmortem autolysis

87
Q

Algor mortis

A

reduction of body temperature

88
Q

livor mortis

A

purple color of lowest tissue due to settling of blood from gravity

89
Q

rigor mortis

A

muscle stiffening ( inc. ATP dec. Ca2+)

90
Q

Postmortem autolysis

A

lytic dissolution of cells/tissues

91
Q

true or false: adipocyte number is mostly set in early life but continues (slowly) until mid-teens.

A

true. our ability to make fat cells decreases after 2ys of age

92
Q

does adipocyte number determine obesity?

A

no. size determines obesity. once your cells get to a certain size, they will produce more even after you’ve finished making the cells.

93
Q

who has the great potential for obesity

A

the one with the greater amount of fat cells and not the ones with bigger cells.

Pathohysiology (16 decks)

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