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Pathohysiology > Cancer > Flashcards

Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

Benign tumor

A 
grows slowly
well defined capsule
not invasive 
well differentiated 
low mitotic index 
does not metastasize
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2
Q

malignant tumor

A 
grows rapidly 
not encapsulated 
invasive
poorly differentiated 
high mitotic index
can spread distantly (metastasis)
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3
Q

-oma

A

benign

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4
Q

carcinoma

A

malignant epithelial tumors

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5
Q

adenocarcinoma

A

cancer tumor from ductal or glandular strustures

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6
Q

adenoma

A

benign tumor in ductal or glandular structures

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7
Q

sarcoma

A

malignant connective tissue (non-epithelial) tumors
chondrosarcoma-tumor in cartilage
osteosarcoma-bone cancer

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8
Q

lymphomas

A

cancers of lymphatic tissue

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9
Q

leukemias

A

cancers of blood-forming cell

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10
Q

dysplasia

A

starting to lose differentiation

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11
Q

in situ neoplasm

A

poorly differentiated but not breaking into other tissues

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12
Q

invasive neoplasm

A

starts to spread bc it broke through the bottom layer and gets into the lymphatic system. metastisizes

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13
Q

anaplasia

A

absence of differentiation

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14
Q

benign tumors

A

resemble their cell of origin (well differntiated) but they do not have the normal function.

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15
Q

cell cycle check point

A

there are two check point in the cell cycle (at the end of each G phase). if the cell is not looking good then it goes through apoptosis. cancer cells dont have this check point.

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16
Q

point mutations

A

changes in one or a few nucleotide base pairs

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17
Q

chromosome translocation

A

a piece on one chromosome is transferred to another

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18
Q

gene amplification

A

duplication of a small piece of chromosome over and over.

can result in increased expression of an oncogene.

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19
Q

If mutations occurs in ______cells it is not passed to progeny

A

somatic

20
Q

if the mutation occurs in _____cells it can be passed to future generations

A

germline.

21
Q

oncogene

A

mutant genes in their non-mutant state direct (activate or inhibit) protein synthesis and cellular growth.

22
Q

prto-oncogene

A

a normal nonmutant gene that codes for cellular growth (so an oncogene before mutation)
ex:ras, Rb, p53

23
Q

what happens when ras is mutated?

A

it become too active so it doesn’t inhibit p53 abd Rb from stopping every cell.

24
Q

what happens when p53 or Rb are mutated?

A

they stop no bueno cells so then cells so then bad cells will just grow.
p53 normally stops cell groth with hypocxia

25
Q

carcinoma

A

a freckle that goes bad

26
Q

melanoma

A

a mole that goes bad

27
Q

occupational hazard

A

asbestos
dyes, rubber, paint, explosives, rubber cement, heavy metals, air, pollution. etc.
radon

28
Q

what is the greatest risk factor for cancer?

A

aging

29
Q

cancer risk correlates with

A

BMI

30
Q

Adipose tissue is an active ____organ

A

endocrine

31
Q

VEGF

A

vaso endothelial growth factor

induced angiogenesis

32
Q

TNFalpha

A

cytokine

enables cancer bc of inflammation

33
Q

severl tumors exhibit _____insulin receptor presence

A

increased

ex: breat prostate, colon, liver

34
Q

warburg effect

A

most cancer cells have a strong preference to use non-oxidative glycolysis. aka cancer cells can only use glucose

35
Q

Diet low in____may reduce cancer risk

A

carbs

36
Q

angiogenesis

A

growth of new vessels.
advanced cancers can secrete angiogenic factors.
any tumor larger than 1mm needs its own blood supply

37
Q

metastasis

A

spread of cancer from a primary site of origin to a distant site
can do it by direct invasion of contiguous organs (local spread) or can go to distant organs through the lymphatic system and blood, this type requires angiogenesis

38
Q

True or false:all cancer cells can metastasize

A

false

39
Q

staging

A

involves the size of the tumor, degree to which it has invaded, and the extent to which it had spread.

40
Q

stage 1

A

cancer is confined to its organ of origin

41
Q

stage 2

A

locally invasive, still in same organ

42
Q

stage 3

A

regional structures, it’s still in the same cavity or general area

43
Q

stage 4

A

distant sites

44
Q

what is the order of the three steps in the theory of metastic invasion?

A

attachment–>degradation of the matrix–>locomotion

45
Q

Syndrome of cachexia

A

severe form os malnutrition

present in 80% of cancer patients at death

46
Q

which is better for cancer patients? a ketogenic diet or insulin administration?

A

a ketogenic diet. it can reverse the cachetic process and might reduce tumor weight

47
Q

causes of cancer death

A 
infection 
hemorrhage 
blood clots 
anemia 
weakness due to weight loss 
loss of function of critical organ systems

Pathohysiology (16 decks)

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