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Pathohysiology > Stress > Flashcards

Stress Flashcards

1
Q

What is stress?

A

any condition that results in an elevation of ACTH release from the anterior pituitary and/or cortisol release from the adrenal gland

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2
Q

what is a stressor?

A

any physical, emotional, or psychological factor that activates the stress response

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3
Q

stressors that cause ____ damage to the body can cause short or long-term stress

A

physical

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4
Q

what determines if it is a long or short term stressor?

A

the body’s ability to overcome the stress or the stress passing.

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5
Q

which psychological stressors activate the short term response?

A

danger

anger

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6
Q

what psychological stressors activate the long term response?

A

work
school
relationships

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7
Q

general adaptation syndrome

A

when hans selye determined that a wide variety of agents cause the same effects on lab animals.

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8
Q

which effects are included in the general adaptation syndrome?

A

high hear rate
high blood pressure
etc

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9
Q

what are the stages of stress according to the general adaptation syndrome?

A

alarm stage
stage of resistance
stage of exhaustion

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10
Q

alarm stage of GAS

A

arousal of body defenses-SNS activation

stressor triggers the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis which activates the sympathetic nervous system

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11
Q

Stage of resistance or adaptation

A

continuation of SNS activation

involves adrenal hormones

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12
Q

stage of exhaustion

A

progressive breakdown of compensatory mechanisms

occurs only is stress continues and adaptation is not successful

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13
Q

what is the key molecule involved in the stress response

A

CRH

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14
Q

what do CRH and CRH-like peptides increase?

A

increase the activation of the sympathetic nervous system
increases ACTH release from the anterior pituitary gland
Increases anxiety through CRF! (CRH1) receptors

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15
Q

what does CRH and CRH-like peptide decrease

A

anxiety through CRF2 (CRH2) receptors

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16
Q

what is another mechanism other than CRH, that is involved in stress?

A

ADH

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17
Q

What happens in the Alarm Stage?

A

Catecholamines are released from the adrenal medulla and nerve endings

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18
Q

which cells in the adrenal medulla release catecholamines?

A

chromaffin cells

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19
Q

what catecholamines are released from chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla?

A

large amounts of NE and small amounts of Epinephrine

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20
Q

the alarm stage is mediated by

A

the catecholamines

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21
Q

what is the alarm stage characterized by?

A 
increased:
HR
BP 
Blood glucose
Blood flow to muscles
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22
Q

about how long does the alarm stage last?

A

1-2 hours

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23
Q

in the alarm stage, ACTH and cortisol are elevated by _____ has not had time to affect the body

A

cortisol

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24
Q

which receptors mediate the effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine>

A

alpha

beta

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25
Q

the stage of resistance is mediated by

A

the effects of stress-related hormones on the body

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26
Q

what are the hormones involved in the stage of resistance that are from the anterior pituitary?

A

prolactin
GH
B-endorphins
ACTH

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27
Q

what are hormones involved in the stage of resistance from the posterior pituitary?

A

ADH

Oxytocin

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28
Q

changes in the function of the body during this phase help the body deal with

A

any long term consequences of “fight or flight”

29
Q

where is prolactin released?

A

the anterior pituitary

30
Q

what is prolactin necessary for?

A

lactation

31
Q

prolactin levels in the plasma increase as a result of

A

stressful stimuli

32
Q

prolactin enhances

A

immune function

33
Q

where is growth hormone produced?

A

the anterior pituitary
lymphocytes
mononuclear phagocytic cells

34
Q

when is Growth Hormone released?

A

after physical stress

35
Q

what does growth hormone affect?

A

protein, lipid, & carb metabolism

counters the effects of insulin

36
Q

growth hormone enhances

A

immune function

37
Q

when are endorphins release?

A

after physical stresses

38
Q

endorphins are released from

A

the anterior pituitary

39
Q

where are endorphins found and what do they do?

A

they are proteins found in the brain that have pain-relieving capabilities

40
Q

endorphins cause an insensitivity to

A

pain

41
Q

endorphins increase your feelings of

A

excitement
positive well-being
euphoria

42
Q

what does ACTH do?

A

increases cortisol release

43
Q

Oxytocin is produced by

A

the hypothalamus

44
Q

oxytocin may reduce

A

anxiety

45
Q

ADH stimulates

A

ACTH release from the anterior pituitary

46
Q

ADH retains

A

water

47
Q

ADH has mild _____ effect

A

analgesic

48
Q

cortisol amplifies the effects of

A

catecholamines

49
Q

how does cortisol increase the effects of catecholamines?

A

it increases the number of receptors

50
Q

cortisol inhibits

A

sex steroid production

51
Q

cortisol increases liver

A

gluconeogenesis

52
Q

how does cortisol affect fat metabolism?

A

increased lipolysis in extremities

increased lipogenesis centrally

53
Q

stage of exhaustion

A

decreased function of the bosy due to the long term biochemical changes mediated by cortisol

54
Q

what is the stage of exhaustion often caused by?

A

infection due to immune deficiencies

55
Q

what affect does cortisol have on inflammation?

A

inhibits most steps in inflammation

56
Q

Cortisol ____ permeability of capillaries

A

decreases

57
Q

Cortisol decreases mast cell __

A

degranulation

58
Q

cortisol decreases cytokine ___

A

release

59
Q

cortisol decreases fibroblast function which causes a reduction in

A

wound healing

60
Q

what affect does cortisol have on phospholipase A2

A

decreases phospholipase A2 activity and other steps in arachidonic acid metabolism

61
Q

what decreases most leukocytes and function?

A

cortisol

62
Q

Cortisol ___ cytokine release

A

inhibits

63
Q

cortisol decreases __ and ___ cell count

A

T and B

64
Q

cortisol ___ macrophage function

A

inhibits

65
Q

cortisol decrease mass of

A

lymphatic tissue

66
Q

what are some factors affecting adaptation to stress that we cannot change?

A 
age 
genetic factors 
rapidity of onset of stress 
gender (estrogen protective) 
exposure to stress early in life can permanently enhance the stress response 
circadian rhythms
67
Q

what are some factors affecting adaptation of stress that we can modify?

A

previous exposure
nutritional status
psychological and social factors

68
Q

what affect does proper nutrition have on stress?

A

proper nutrition enhances resistance to stress

69
Q

how does exercise affect immunity?

A

moderate exercise increases immune function

severe exercise acutely inhibits immune function

Pathohysiology (16 decks)

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