18. Examination of the nervous system 4.

Question 1

What does Hyposomia mean?

Answer 1

partial loss of smell

Question 2

What does anosomia mean?

Answer 2

complete loss of smell

Question 3

How do you examine N.olfactorius?

Answer 3

– Use strong stimulatory objects/materials – Use food – Exclude vision (→II.!)

Question 4

What does N.olfactorius do?

Answer 4

smelling

Question 5

What does N.opticus do?

Answer 5

vision

Question 6

Test for vision:

Answer 6

– blindness: amaurosis 
– falling cotton test (tracking) 
– leading the animal to objects 
– pupillary light reaction (+III.) 
– threat/menace reflex (+VII.) 
– optical placing test

Question 7

What is threat/menace reflex?

Answer 7

Fast hand gesture against eye, avoid air current and sensory hairs, animals should blink.

Question 8

what is Anisocoria?

Answer 8

uneven size of pupils

Question 9

What is mydriasis?

Answer 9

dilation of pupils

Question 10

What is miosis?

Answer 10

constriction of pupils

Question 11

Which nerves do we examine when we examinate the position and movements of the eyeballs?

Answer 11

n. oculomotorius (III.), n. trochlearis (IV.) and n. abducens (VI.)

Question 12

Examination of the position and movement of the eyeballs, what is the normal reaction?

Answer 12

the eyeballs move simultaneously

and their axis are parallel

Question 13

Explain physiological nystagmus:

Answer 13

moving of head elicits involuntary eye movements (+VIII.)

fast phase toward direction of movement

Question 14

Explain pathological (spontaneous)
nystagmus:

Answer 14

– Horizontal
– Vertical
– Rotatory

Question 15

What happens when the animal have a III.paralysis?

Answer 15

strabismus divergens

ventrolateralis

Question 16

What happens when the animal have a IV.paralysis?

Answer 16

strabismus medioventralis

Question 17

What happens when the animal have a VI.paralysis?

Answer 17

strabismus convergens
(medialis)
+ exophtalmus

Question 18

What are strabism?

Answer 18

• Abnormal position of the eyeballs (uni- or bilateral)

- They are not parallel

Question 19

What does N.Trigeminus do?

Answer 19

Feeling of face, motor and sensory

Question 20

What is the motor function of the N.trigeminus?

Answer 20

– Innervation of m. temporalis and masseter:
prehension of food, drinking and chewing

– Paralysis: sagging lower jaw – exclude rabies!

– Tic: repeated contractions of chewing muscles
(e.g. distemper)

– Trismus: tonic spasm of chewing muscles
(e.g. tetanus, myositis)

Question 21

Which reflexes do we check when we check the N.trigeminus?

Answer 21

Corneal reflex and palpebral reflex, checking testing lateral and medial canthus.

Question 22

what is the sensory function of N.facialis?

Answer 22

Gustatory fibers to rostral 2/3 of tongue

Question 23

What is the motor function of N.facialis?

Answer 23

– Nasal plane, lips, eyelids, mimic muscles, pinnae
– Threat reflex (+II.)
– Palpebral reflex (+V.)
– Corneal reflex (+V.)

Question 24

What kind of paralysis do the animal get when N.facialis is paralysed?

Answer 24

• Nasal plane is drawn toward healthy side (unilateral)
• Sagging of upper eyelid(s): ptosis
• Sagging of lip(s)
• Sagging of ears (central damage)

Question 25

Explain the disfunction of the vesticular nerve?

Answer 25

``` It is called vestibular syndrom: • Ipsilateral head tilt • Ipsilateral leaning and falling • Nystagmus: mostly horizontal, slow phase toward side of lesion • Mental state unaffected ```

Question 26

How do we examine the hearing?

Answer 26

– Calling, clapping outside vision field

Question 27

What is anacusis?

Answer 27

deafness

Question 28

What does N. glossopharyngeus (IX.) and n. vagus (X.) innervate?

Answer 28

Innervation of pharynx, larynx – Sensory: IX. (+ caudal 1/3 of tongue) – Motor: X.

Question 29

What happens if N. glossopharyngeus (IX.) and n. vagus (X.) is paralysed?

Answer 29

– Swallowing problem (dysphagia) – Paralysis laryngealis • Unilateral: altered vocalization • Bilateral: inspiratory dyspnoe

Question 30

How do we check the swallowing reflex?

Answer 30

``` – With water – Feeding – Touching base of tongue (Rule out rabies!) – External compression of throat ```

Question 31

What does N.accesorius innervate?

Answer 31

– M. trapesius – M. sternocephalicus – M. brachiocephalicus

Question 32

How is paralysis of N.accessorius visible?

Answer 32

– Sagging of head | – Atrophy of muscles on neck, shoulder

Question 33

what is N-hypoglossus responsible for?

Answer 33

Responsible for protruding and retracting the tongue

Question 34

How is paralysis of the N.hypoglossus visible?

Answer 34

– Bilateral lesion: prolapse of the tongue | – Unilateral lesion: contralateral deviation of the tongue

Question 35

How do we examine the n.hypoglossus?

Answer 35

– Protrusion and withdrawal of tongue after swallowing | – Strength of retraction after grasping the tongue