9. cardiovascular auscultation Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in 9. cardiovascular auscultation Deck (28)
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1
Q

Methods of cardiovascular

examination: (physical examination)

A
  • Inspection (heart, vessels)
  • Palpation (heart, vessels)
  • Percussion (heart)
  • Auscultation (heart)
2
Q

What instruments are used for the cardiovascular auscultation:

A

Plessimeter and stethoscope (fonendoskop)

3
Q

Normal heart sounds:

A
        1. heart sounds
4
Q

Alterations of the cardiac sounds: FRIDA

A

Frequency, Rhythm, Intensity, Demarcation, Adventitious sounds

5
Q

Pulse deficit: Physiological or pathological?

A

Always pathological

6
Q

Examination of pulse deficit:

A

Simultaneous auscultation and palpating the pulse.

7
Q

Explain arrhytmia:

A

pathological rhythm, often with pulse deficit

8
Q

Is respiratory arrhytmia slower or faster during expiration?

A

Slower: vagus effect

9
Q

Normal intensity of the cardiac sound:

A

normally strong and even (uniform strength)

10
Q

Explain pounding heart beat:

A

increasing of the first and/or second sound (slight variation over different valve areas)

11
Q

Explain reduced heart sounds:

A

decreased cardiac output,
pericardial or +/- pleural effusion,
obesity

12
Q

What is demarcation?

A

distinctness of the cardiac sounds

13
Q

what can be heard in cardiomyopathies?

A

galopp sounds: three

heart sounds can be heard: 1.,2.,3. or 4.,1.,2

14
Q

what can splitting of the 2. heart sound be caused by?

A

closure of the aortic and pulmonal valves in different time,
due to cor pulmonale causing increased pulmonary arterial pressure.

15
Q

Additional or adventitious sounds of the heart:

A

murmur

16
Q

The 4 allways of endocardial murmur

A

location,
intensity,
relation to cardiac cycle,
pitch

17
Q

What is endocardial murmur caused by?

A

Turbulence

18
Q

Types of extracardial murmur:

A

pericardial or pleuropericardial/ pleuropleural

19
Q

what are the morphological causes of the endocardial murmurs?

A

Morphological : valve deformities, septal or vessel malformations

20
Q

what are the functional causes of the endocardial murmurs?

A

Functional: innocent murmurs, anemia: decreased blood viscosity

21
Q

What type of murmur can be heard when the extracardial murmur is due to inflammation?

A

-pericardial splashing, (frictional) rubbing, pleuropericardial/ pleuropleural rubbing.

22
Q

What type of tests can be done when the extracardial murmur is due to inflammation?

A

Valsalva probe or compression test:

Pleuropericardial/ pleuropleural rubbing disappears if breathing stopped.

Pericardial rubbing increases if breathing stopped at the end of inspiration (increased intrathoracic pressure)

23
Q

Classification of endocardial murmur:

A
  • Localization
  • Intensity
  • Timing
  • Frequency (pitch)
  • Character (= quality, shape)
  • Conduction
24
Q

How do we localize a murmur?

A

Find points of maximal intensity (punctum maximum, puncta
maxima):
Determination of intercostal spaces in medium and large size animals.
Heart base vs. apex assignement in small size animals

25
Q

Explain timing of a murmur?

A

Relation to the phase of the cardiac cycle:

systolic/diastolic/systolic and diastolic

26
Q

How do we classify the frequency (pitch)

A

low, medium, high

27
Q

Examples of pitches:

A

blowing, whistling, crackling, rough, musical murmurs

28
Q

How do we describe the character of a murmur?

A

continuous, < crescendo, > decrescendo, <> crescendo-decrescendo