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Small Animal Medicine 1 > 10 exam of cardiovascular organs, blood vessels > Flashcards

10 exam of cardiovascular organs, blood vessels Flashcards

(47 cards)

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1
Q

what is the order of the cariovascular examination

A
  • history
  • general condition
  • detailed examination of the cardiovascular system
  • heart
  • blood vessels: arterial, venous, capillary sytem
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2
Q

what is the method for examining arteries

A
  • digital palpation - pulse, pulse pressure
  • blood pressure measurement - direct or indirect
  • blood flow registration ( doppler US)
  • pulse wave velocity (human)
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3
Q

what is pulse pressure

A

difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure

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4
Q

how do we calculate systemic arterial blood pressure

A

cardiac output x total peripheral resistance

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5
Q

what is cardiac output

A

heart rate ejection volume:

  • circuating blood
  • heart contraction
  • integrity of cardiac structures
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6
Q

what is total periferal resistance

A
  • vessel diameter
  • elasticity of vessels
  • blood viscosity (PCV)
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7
Q

which artery is available for digital palpation in dog and cat

A

femoral artery

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8
Q

what is important when we examine arterial pulse

A

should be palpated on both sides

should be symmetrical

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9
Q

list the physiological findings during arterial pulse examination

A
  • symmetricity
  • rate: physiological
  • rythm: regular
  • size, strength and duration: even, normal
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10
Q

what is irregular and uneven pulse called in latin

A
  • pulsus irregularis

- pulsus inequalis

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11
Q

what can be the abnormal findings of the size of the arterial pulse

A
  • large, hyperkinetic ( pulsus magnus)

- small, hypokinetic (pulsus parvus)

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12
Q

what are the abnormal compressibility findings during arterial pulse examination

A
  • strong or weak -> cardiac function

- hard or soft -> vascular tone (p. durus/mollis)

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13
Q

what er the abnormal duration findings during arterial pulse exam

A
  • sluggish (p. tardus)
  • skipping (p. celer)
  • size + duration: full (p. plenus) or empty (p. vacuus)
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14
Q

what abnormal findings do we have for pulse quality

A
  • small, brief hard: wiry
  • small, prolonged and weak: thready
  • skipping and large: bumping
  • thrill
  • paradox pulse
  • pulsus alterans
  • pulse deficit
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15
Q

what is latin for wiry and thready pulse type

A
  • wiry = p. contractus

- thready = p. piliformis

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16
Q

what causes thready pulse

A

heart failiure

hypovolemia

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17
Q

what is latin for bumping pulse and what causes it

A
  • p. celer et magnus
  • corrigan pulse:
  • PDA
  • aortic insufficiency
  • anemia
  • fever
  • bradycardia
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18
Q

what causes the thrill pulse

A

partly compressed artery

anemia?

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19
Q

what is latin for paradox pulse

and what causes it

Study These Flashcards
A
  • p. paradoxus
  • changing with respiration
  • cardiac tamponade
20
Q

what causes pulsus alternans

Study These Flashcards
A
  • arrythmia or cardiomyopathy
21
Q

what is pulse deficit

Study These Flashcards
A

no pulse wave after heart beat

22
Q

what methods do we use to examine the veins

Study These Flashcards
A
  • inspection
  • palpation
  • measurement of central venous pressure
23
Q

what veins are available for examination

24
Q

what are the two main things we examine in the veins

Study These Flashcards
A
  • degree of fullness

- movement within the veins

25
degree of fullness | how should the jugular vein normally be
empty
26
how can we check the degree of fullness of the veins
venous stasis compression test
27
what results can be abnormal in a venous stasis compression test
- abnormally slow - poor filling - vein stands out and feels tense - congestion - positive venous stasis test
28
what is a positive venous stasis test
- no emptying below the compression point | - or no disapperance of venous undulation
29
what causes a positive venous stasis test
- compression - right sided heart failiure - pericardial tamponade
30
list the things we check for when examining movement within veins
- undulation - negative or atrial venous pulse - positive or ventricular pulse - hepatojubular reflux
31
movement within veins | cause of undulation
- influenced by breathing | - dyspnea
32
movement within veins | what is negative or atrial venous pulse
- increased right atrial pressure during diastole | - can be normal or due to right sided heart fail
33
movement within veins | what is positive or ventricular pulse
- increased right ventricular pressure and improper valve closure during systole - always pathological (right sided heart fail)
34
what is physiological movements within the veins
- respiratory, diastolic, false (carotis pulse) - max ventral 1/3 of neck - disappears with compression test
35
what is pathological vein pulse
- systolic - pronounced, over the ventral third of neck - persists after compression test
36
is congested jugular vein pathological
always pathological!!
37
how do we check central venous pressure directly
- catheterization | - accurate, fluid replacement, invasive
38
how do we check central venous pressure indirectly
- examination of peripheral veins - v, jugularis, v. saphena, v. cava caud. - US, x ray - liver size
39
what do we use indirect central venous pressure test for
determination of venous congestion
40
indirect central venous pressure in dogs
- lateral recumbency collapse of v. saphena about 5 cm above zero point - T7-table + sternum-table / 2
41
indirect central venous pressure in dogs
- lateral recumbency collapse of v. saphena about 5 cm above zero point - T7-table + sternum-table / 2
42
how do we examine the capillaries
examination of the mucous membranes
43
examination of the capillaries | what mucous membranes should we examine
both cranial and caudal mm should be examined
44
examination of the capillaries | what are the pathologic colors of the mucous membranes
- cyanotic: poor oxygenation | - pale: anemia, vasoconstriction
45
examination of the capillaries | what can cause delayed CRT
dehydration, vasoconstriction
46
examination of the capillaries | how can we differentiate the fullness of the capillaries
- empty - peripheral circulatory insufficiency: livid mm - increased fulness of the arterioles: light red mm - overfilling of the venules - congestion: violet mm
47
examination of the capillaries | list the things we can look for
- color - CRT - fullness of capillaries

Small Animal Medicine 1 (22 decks)

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