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History Meds > 1848-60 > Flashcards

1848-60 Flashcards

(52 cards)

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1
Q

When did nightingale go to Scutari

A

1847

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2
Q

What were the conditions in scutari (6)

A

Not enough beds
Clothes infested with lice and fleas
Waterborne diseases were common
Lots of diarrhoea
Difficult to get enough medical supplies
Food supplies were limited and poor in quality

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3
Q

What changes did nightingale bring to Scutari (3)

A

Scrubbed surfaces clean, washed all sheets, bandages etc.

Opened all windows to improve airflow

Cleaned kitchens and improved quality of food

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4
Q

What theory did nightingale believe in

A

Miasma

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5
Q

Why was nightingale the lady with the lamp

A

She did a final round check at night

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6
Q

What impact did Scutari have on nightingales reputation

A

She became very popular with patients and in Britain

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7
Q

What pain relief was available in surgery pre 1848

A

Opium, alcohol or being knocked unconscious

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8
Q

Who was Robert liston

A

Regarded as one of the best surgeons because 1. He could compress the artery with one hand while cutting with the other
2. He was very quick - his amputation record was 28 seconds

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9
Q

Why was blood loss a problem in surgery

A

Because they lost blood in surgey

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10
Q

How was blood loss combatted

A

A tourniquet

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11
Q

Where were many operations taken place pre 1848

A

In the home - but this was often better than a hospital due to the unsanitary conditions

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12
Q

What precautions did the surgeon take before surgery

A

They did not wear clean clothes - they wore clothes stained with blood and pus to not ruin clean clothes

The surgeon might wash their hands prior

Equipment was wiped clean between patients (not sanitised)

There were many people in the operating theatre

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13
Q

When was ether created

A

1846

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14
Q

What did ether do

A

Put the patient to sleep. They woke up unaware that the operation took place

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15
Q

What were some issues with ether (4)

A

Vomiting

Lung irritation

Left the patient asleep for hours or days

Highly flammable (operating theatre lit by candles)

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16
Q

What did James Simpson do to test for pain relief

A

He inhaled gases himself, or gave them to rabbits

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17
Q

What did James Simpson discover

A

Chloroform

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18
Q

Why was chloroform better than ether

A

It didnt have the same side effects

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19
Q

When was chloroform first used and why

A

1847 for childbirth

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20
Q

When did queen victoria use chloroform

A

1853

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21
Q

Why did some people not want to use chloroform in childbirth and what changed this

Study These Flashcards
A

Religion - they thought childbirth should be painful.

The royal approval - queen victoria used it

22
Q

How many people turned up to the funeral of James Simpson

23
Q

What were some issues with chloroform (5)

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. The church opposed it
  2. It was unknown how it may affect the baby
  3. It was difficult to get the dose right - too much would kill but too little wouldn’t put the patient to sleep
  4. Some doctors thought that an asleep patient was more likely to die
  5. Many surgeons felt confident enough to attempt longer and more complicated surgery, resulting in more blood loss and infection
24
Q

How was the dosage of chloroform problem solved

Study These Flashcards
A

John snow created the chloroform inhaler in 1848

25
What two dieseaes were common after surgery
Gangrene and then sepsis
26
What is sepsis
Blood poisoning
27
What is gangrene
Cells dont get oxygen so they rot
28
What was the black period in surgery
Death rates rose because pain relief was invented - surgeons would do more complex surgeries, increasing infection risk and blood loss
29
How did the urban population in Manchester change from 1801 to 1851
1801 - 70,000 1851 - 303,000
30
Why was there lots of industrialisation
The industrial revolution
31
How many people lived in one house in cities
Often 50+
32
What were housing conditions like in cities (5)
1. Families lived in one room 2. Damp 3. Little light 4. Poor ventilation 5. One privy would be used by 100 people
33
What was a privy
A wooden seat over a cesspool
34
How many people died in the cholera epidemic of 1832
20,000
35
How did MPs react to the cholera epidemic 1848
They discussed ordering a day of prayer
36
How did local authorities respond to the cholera epidemic 1848
They adopted measures based on miasma - people were told to keep warm and clean and barrels of tar were burned in the streets
37
What were some issues in Leeds in 1832 (4)
1. Many streets were bare earth so filth collected in them 2. Nineteen streets didnt have a sewer 3. Stagnant water created offensive smells 4. Faeces was collected to sell to farmers
38
Who was Edwin Chadwick
He was key to driving the 1848 public health act
39
What report did Chadwick produce and when
The sanitary conditions of the labouring population 1842
40
Why did Chadwick’s ideas gain support
Further cholera epidemics (1848) affected the middle and upper class too
41
What did the 1848 public health act do (3)
1. Set up a general board of health 2. Allowed towns to set up their own local board of heath, employ a medical officer and build a sewer 3. Appointed 3 commissioners for the board of health (Chadwick was one)
42
What was the impact of the 1848 public health act and why (4)
Very limited: 1. The terms were temporary (5 years) 2. The act didnt force local authorities to do anything, so only 1/3 of cities took part 3. Chadwick was a difficult person, arrogant and aggressive. 4. People didn’t like the idea of local taxes being used to help the poor - especially with no proof linking health to hygiene
43
How many died in the cholera epidemic 1848
50k
44
When was the john snow epidemic
1854
45
Where was the woman who ordered the broad street water living
Hampstead
46
What did snow do to stop the broad street epidemic
Removed the handle - the deaths stopped
47
Why was the broad street pump infected
A baby had cholera and her mother put the nappies in a cesspool, which was 1m from the pump. The brick lining between the cesspool and the pump was cracked.
48
When was the great stink
1858
49
What was the great stink
The river Thames dried up so the rubbish and excrement in the river became exposed
50
How did the government respond to the great stink
Appointed Joseph Bazalgette to design a new sewer system.
51
How long was the London sewer system in 1875
21,000km
52
How much did the sewer system cost
£6.5m

History Meds (6 decks)

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