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A and P 2 > ch 22 test > Flashcards

ch 22 test Flashcards

1
Q

microscopic organisms that cause disease

A

pathogens

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2
Q

the ability to resist infection and disease

A

immune response

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3
Q

What are the 3 major parts to the lymphatic system?

A

lymph, lymphatic vessels (lymphatics), and lymphoid tissues and organs

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4
Q

What is the function of the lymphatic system

A

to produce, maintain, and distribute lymphocytes

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5
Q

where are lymphocytes produced and by what stem cells

A

lymphoid tissues, organs, and red bone marrow; lymphoid stem cells

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6
Q

4 physical properties of lymphatic capillaries

A
  1. start as pockets rather than tubes
  2. have larger diameters
  3. thinner walls
  4. flat or irregular outline in sectional view
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7
Q

2 category of lymphocytes

A

deep and superficial

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8
Q

duct that the base of the thoracic duct expands into

A

cisterna chili

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9
Q

blockage of lymph drainage from a limb

A

lymphadema

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10
Q

chronic or excessive enlargements of nodes

A

lymphadenopathy

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11
Q

What are the 3 general classes of lymph

A

T cells, B cells, NK cells

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12
Q

T cells types, function, and where formed

A

cytotoxic Tc- attack cells infected by viruses

Th-stim function of T and B cells

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13
Q

B cell function and location

A

differentiate into plasma

red bone marrow

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14
Q

NK cells function and ocation

A

large granular lymphocytes
attack foreign, virus infected, and cancer cells
red bone marrow

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15
Q

targets that identify any pathogen or foreign compound

A

antigen

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16
Q

produce and secrete antibodies

A

plasma cell

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17
Q

immunoglobulin proteins

A

antibody

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18
Q

what is the immune system hormone that promotes differentiation of B cells in the bone marrow

A

cytokine (interleukin-7)

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19
Q

what are the 3 lymph organs

A

spleen, nodes, thymus

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20
Q

where will we find MALT

A

digestive system

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21
Q

carry lymph from peripheral tissues to lymph node

A

afferent lymphatics

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22
Q

leave lymph node at hilum and carry lymph to venous circulation

A

efferent lymphatics

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23
Q

lymph node function

A

filters lymph

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24
Q

thymus function

A

produces several hormones that are important to the development and maintenance of immune defenses

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25
Q

spleen function

A
  1. removal of abnormal blood cells by phagocytes
  2. storage of iron
  3. initiates immune response by B and T cells
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26
Q

What are the 2 major divisions in the body defenses?

A

innate (nonspecific) and adaptive (specific)

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27
Q

innate/nonspecific defenses

A 
physical barriers
phagocytes
immunological surveillance
inteferons
complement
inflammatory response
fever
28
Q

chemical messengers that trigger production of antiviral proteins in normal cells

A

inteferons

29
Q

system of circulating proteins that assist antibodies in destruction of pathogens

A

complement

30
Q

localized tissue level response that tends to limit spread of injury or infection

A

inflammatory response

31
Q

what are different types of phagocytic cells

A

microphages- neutrophils and eosinophils

macrophages- fixed and free

32
Q

what cell does immunological surveillance and what chemical does it use to destroy the pathogen

A

NK cells, perforins

33
Q

what cell is chiefly responsible for starting and maintaining the inflammatory response; what 2 chemicals does it secrete?

A

mast cell; histamine and heparin

34
Q

initiates or enhances the inflammatory response

A

histamine

35
Q

anticoagulant

A

heparin

36
Q

what are the effects of the inflammatory response

A

temporary repair and barrier against pathogens
retards spread of pathogens into surrounding area
mobilization of local and synthetic defenses
facilitation of regeneration

37
Q

what are the 4 hallmark signs of inflammation

A

swelling/tumor, redness/rubor, heat/calor, pain/dolar

38
Q

what are the 2 types of immunity?

A

active and passive

39
Q

what are the 2 types of gained immunity

A

naturally and artificially aquired

40
Q

types of immunity

  1. child exposed to live flu virus
  2. baby breast feeding
  3. vaccine of MMR
  4. antibodies like gamma globulin
A
  1. active natural
  2. natural passive
  3. active artificial
  4. passive artificial
41
Q

what are the 4 properties of immunity?

A

specificity, versatility, memory, and tolerance

42
Q

what cells are involved in cell-mediated immunity?

A

T cells

43
Q

role of class 1 MHC

A

pick up small peptides in cell and carry to the surface

44
Q

role of class 2 MHC

A

use antigenic fragments and antigen-presenting cells (APC) which activate T cells

45
Q

role of CD8

A

found on Tc and Ts cells, responds to class 1 MHC

46
Q

role of CD4

A

found on Th and responds to antigens on class 2 MHC

47
Q

Class 1 triggers what cells

A

T cells and all nucleated cells

48
Q

class 2 triggers what cells

A

phagocytic APCs- free and fixed macrophages, Kupfer cells (liver), microglia (CNS), Langerhans (skin), and dendritic cells of lymph nodes and spleen

49
Q

A cell activated by CD8 will undergo what steps to destroy the antigen presenting cell?

A

release perferin, secrete lymphotoxin, activates genes in target cell that cause it to die

50
Q

What are 4 key points of cytokine secretion from Th cells?

A
  1. stem cell divisions
  2. attract and stimulate macrophages
  3. attract and stimulate Tc cells
  4. promote activity of B cells
51
Q

B cell preperation for activation where antigens are processed in cell and reappear on surface bound to class 2 MHC

A

sensitization

52
Q

role of plasma

A

synthesize and secrete antibodies

53
Q

What is the structure of an antibody

A

2 parallel pairs of polypeptide chains, one heavy and one light, where each chain contains constant segments and variable segments

54
Q

has 2 antigenic determinate sites

A

complete antigen

55
Q

must attach to a carrier molecule to act as a complete antigen

A

hapten

56
Q

what are the 7 effects of immunoglobulins

A
  1. neutralization of antigen binding sites
  2. precipitation and agglutination (immune complex)
  3. activates complement
  4. activates phagocytes
  5. opsonization increases phag efficiency
  6. stimulation of inflammation
  7. prevention of bacterial and viral adhesion
57
Q

class of antibody IgG

A

resistance against toxins, most abundant and diverse, cross placenta

58
Q

class of antibody IgE

A

release histamine (allergies), basophils and mast cells

59
Q

class of antibody IgD

A

molecule on B cells that binds antigens (sensitization)

60
Q

class of antibody IgM

A

first class secreted after antigen encountered, plasma cells, causes agglutination of cross match

61
Q

class of antibody IgA

A

glandular secretions attack pathogens before they gain access to internal tissues, mucus, tears, saliva, semen

62
Q

a malfunction of system that recognizes and ignores normal antigens

A

autoimmune disorder

63
Q

result from problems w embryological development of lymphoid tissues, viral infections (HIV), immunosuppressant drugs or radiation treatments

A

immunodeficiency disease

64
Q

can be fatal, affects cells throughout body that produces swelling

A

anaphylaxis

65
Q

circulatory collapse from anaphylaxis

A

anaphalactic shock

66
Q

what is the role of an antihistamine

A

drugs that block histamine release from mast cells

A and P 2 (14 decks)

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