18th And 19th Century Warfare And Society

Question 1

What years did this period go up to ?

Answer 1

1700 - 1850

Question 2

In this period , was there change in warfare ?

Answer 2

Little change

Question 3

What happened between 1850 - 1900 that changed the scale and style of warfare ?

Answer 3

Industrial revolution and the rise of the british empire

Question 4

What has changed since the early modern period 1500 - 1700 ?

Answer 4

Brown bess musket
No pikes
Riflemen in green coats
Drummers
Transition from armour to uniform

Question 5

Nature of warfare . How did the army change in this period ?

Answer 5

The size of the army grew

Question 6

Nature of warfare. What happened to the role of cavalry ?

Answer 6

Slowly declined

Question 7

Were the cavalry still used by the rich ?

Answer 7

Yes

Question 8

Nature of warfare . What new weapons were made ?

Answer 8

Brown bess musket and cannons were easily moved around in the battlefield

Question 9

Why were cavalry used ?

Answer 9

Maybe kept out of tradition , they could still harass the enemy .

Question 10

In 1774 what did John Wilkinson make ?

Answer 10

Began to make thinner cannon barrels out of a solid piece of metal . This meant lighter , more powerful and more accurate cannon .

Question 11

Experience of warfare . What kind of recruitment problems were there ?

Answer 11

. Young men from wealthy families were still chosen over people who had actual good ability to fight .
. People could buy their way into higher ranks which made the quality of officers unreliable
. Soldiers weren’t paid enough so they often deserted the army
. They took drunk people / criminals

Question 12

Experience of warfare . What were the problems with training ?

Answer 12

. Manual tactics used
. They didn’t train on a daily basis
. Regulations were often ignored
. Stubborn soldiers believed they didn’t need any training

Question 13

The experience of warfare . What was the impact of civilians ?

Answer 13

. Not much fighting in Britain
. Naval protection
. Taxation wasn’t bad
. Milita act was unpopular - caused riots
. Requisitioning of wafons

Question 14

From the brown bess musket , what kind of weapon came after this ?

Answer 14

Rifles

Question 15

When were rifles invented ?

Answer 15

16 th century

Question 16

In what year did technological improvements make rifles more effective ?

Answer 16

1850

Question 17

When were minie bullets made ?

Answer 17

1847

Question 18

What were minie bullets ?

Answer 18

These small bullets expanded within the barrel , making loading a lot easier .

Question 19

What were minie bullets used in ?

Answer 19

Pattern enfields

Question 20

What were conical bullets ?

Answer 20

These were more aerodynamic , these increased the range of the rifles

Question 21

What were percussion bullets ?

Answer 21

Made loading easier and rifles more reliable by ending their reliance on powder and flint

Question 22

What was breech loading ?

Answer 22

Made loading four times quicker than with muskets

Question 23

What were magazines ?

Answer 23

Allowed several bullets to be loaded at once

Question 24

What was the timeline of rifles made ?

Answer 24

Pattern enfield , snider Enfield , martin henry and magazines

Question 25

When was the pattern enfield made ?

Answer 25

1853

Question 26

When was the snider enfield made ?

Answer 26

1863

Question 27

When was the martin henry made ?

Answer 27

1871

Question 28

When were magazines made ?

Answer 28

1880s

Question 29

What factors affected change in this period ?

Answer 29

Industrialisation Individuals like wellington resisted change as a threat to his social class Social attitudes , fear and cost Political attitudes

Question 30

What was the maxim gun ?

Answer 30

Machine gun which was lighter / 500 rounds a minute

Question 31

When was the maxim gun made ?

Answer 31

1884

Question 32

What did cannons now have ?

Answer 32

Smokeless powder , lighter and range was improved

Question 33

What was industrialisation ?

Answer 33

New technologies

Question 34

What did new transport from industrialisation enable armies to do in warfare ?

Answer 34

. Steam trains enabled troops to move 15 times faster than they could on foot . Supplies could be moved a lot faster . Steamships were made aswell

Question 35

Industrilisation . What did science create ?

Answer 35

The development of fulminate of mercury provided the explosive that led to percussion bullets

Question 36

Industrilisation . What did communication do for warfare ?

Answer 36

The electric telegraph had a significant impact on communication . Governments and army staff used the telegraph to contact generals on campaign.

Question 37

What was the impact of the press between 1850 - 1900 ?

Answer 37

The times newspaper sold mainly in London . Its information provided knowledge to everyone that could afford the paper . It gave information about the wars and news .

Question 38

Who was William howard russel ?

Answer 38

He was a reporter for the times and was able to send short dispatches by a series of telegraphs linked from Crimea to London for over two years . The public read his reports .

Question 39

Who was roger senton ?

Answer 39

He was at Crimea in 1855 but didn't photograph battles , he concentrated on the daily lives of soldiers . His photographs were of poor uniforms , tents and camps .

Question 40

What were the public attitudes to the photographs and reports from people who were at war ?

Answer 40

The public critisied the leadership of the government , people were concerned also about the quality of recruits due to army performance .

Question 41

Who was Edward Cardwell ?

Answer 41

The new secretary of state for war

Question 42

Who was william gladstone ?

Answer 42

Leader of the liberal party / priminister

Question 43

Why did Edward Cardwell and William Gladstone decide to reform ?

Answer 43

. The quality of officers wasn't great . Troop numbers fell . Change in Britain . To be more professional

Question 44

What were cardwells reforms?

Answer 44

1. Abolition of flogging 2. Reducing the length of service 3. The localisation scheme 4. Officers are no longer allowed to buy their way in

Question 45

When was the Battle of waterloo ?

Answer 45

1815

Question 46

What was the battle of waterloo between ?

Answer 46

The famous british commander , the duke of wellington and Napoleon Bonapartes.

Question 47

How many were in the British and allied army ?

Answer 47

67 , 000

Question 48

How many were in the french army at the battle of waterloo ?

Answer 48

70 , 000

Question 49

Wellington chose a good defensive position . What did this do for the british ?

Answer 49

. The battlefield was good for defence as it was only about three miles across . He displayed his men behind a ridge to reduce the damage done by enemy artillery . He set up two positions on the flanks of the ridge to interrupt the frnech attack . He concealed field artillery in the village of papelotte on one flank

Question 50

What happened in the battle ? What were tactics were used ?

Answer 50

Napoleon attacked with infantry columns , cavalry charges and heavy artillery . The columns were 200 men wide , and could punch through lines , but lacked furepower and were big targets . Wellington used 20 infantry squares each 60 metres across , with muskets and bayonets to hold back the french cavalry . The field artillery and the wounded were protected inside the squares. Wellington then sent in the cavalry and infantry in lines , firing devastating volleys .

Question 51

Why were Wellington's attacks successful ?

Answer 51

. He prepares to defend his position . He used squares for defence . He switched from defence to attack just in time and personally led his troops into the fiercest fighting

Question 52

What were Napoleon Bonapartes important errors ?

Answer 52

. Poo was irritable , he was unable to properly assess the battlefield . He used 33 , 000 men to slow prussions . He delayed the start as he thought the cavalry wouldn't be able to fight because of the mud . His unsuccessful attack on Hougmont tied up a quarter of his infantry

Question 53

When was the battle of Balaclava ?

Answer 53

1854

Question 54

Who was the battle of balaclava between ?

Answer 54

A russian attack on a british held port in Crimea . The British fought off the Russians , but needlessly launched a costly cavalry charge

Question 55

How many british troops were at the Battle of Balaclava ?

Answer 55

30000

Question 56

How many russian troops were at the Battle of Balaclava ?

Answer 56

28 500

Question 57

What were the tactics and supplies used at the battle of balaclava ?

Answer 57

. English used minie rifles . Their devastating volleys drove off the cavalry , the heavy brigade then moved in and defeated a large force of Russian cavalry . The use of old methods , like a cavalry charge , against a defensive line of infantry armed eith the latest rifles led to a huge loss of life

Question 58

What happened with the charge of the light brigade at the battle of balaclava ?

Answer 58

. Lord Raglan ordered Lord Lucan to recapture the cannon , but the orders were vague and poorly explained . In the confusion, Lucan thought he was being asked to attack the Russian cannons . . Despite the uncertainty, Lucan ordered lord cardigans light brigade to charge the Russian cannon . Out of 673 men in the light Brigade , 113 were killed , 134 were wounded

Question 59

Was Raglan criticised after the Battle of Balaclava ?

Answer 59

Yes

Question 60

What was the industrial revolution ?

Answer 60

A period of rapid growth in the use of machines in manufacturing and production