History Cold War Flashcards
(126 cards)
1
Q
When was the Tehran conference ?
A
1943
2
Q
What went on at the Tehran conference in 1943 ?
A
. The USA and Britain would open up a second front by launching an attack on Germany from the west . They did this to ease the pressure off the soviet union .
. It was agreed that Stalin would take Japan once the war was over
. Poland should recieve land
. They agreed upon the formation of the UN
3
Q
Which presidents were at the Tehran conference ?
A
Roosevelt , Churchill and Stalin
4
Q
When was the Yolta conference ?
A
1945
5
Q
What was discussed at the Yalta conference ?
A
The big three discussed winning the war and the government of post war europe .
. After the war Germany would be split into four zones , USA , Britain , France and USSR
. UN officially set up
. Free elections
. Eastern europe would be a soviet sphere of influence
6
Q
What disagreements were made at Yalta conference ?
A
They disagreed on what was meant by democracy . Roosevelt had a good relationship with Stalin
7
Q
What were the changes in between the Yalta and Potsdam conferences ?
A
Roosevelt died and was replaced by Truman
Winston churchill lost the election and Clement Attlee replaced him
The atomic bomb
Yalta was before the end of Germany’s defeat and Potsdam was after
8
Q
When was the Potsdam conference ?
A
1945 , july - August
9
Q
What happened at the Postdam conference ?
A
Germany and Berlin were split into four zones
Ban nazi party
Germany would pay 20 billion in reperations
10
Q
What were the disagreements made at Potsdam ?
A
Tension and disagreements reparations on Germany
11
Q
When was the iron curtain speech ?
A
1946
12
Q
What does the iron curtain speech said by churchill suggest ?
A
. Churchill mentions increasing control from Moscow , stalins wants to control europe
. The use of the term ‘ iron curtain’ implies that Stalin wants to create division between communist and capitalist europe
. Stalin is a threat to much of Europe
. He wanted US support to help prevent communism spreading further
13
Q
What were the causes of the iron curtain speech ?
A
. Between 1945 and 1949 stalin worked on putting soviet friendly governments into Eastern Europe , countries like Poland , Romania , Czechoslovakia and Bulgaria . Opponents to the soviets were arrested and many elections were rigged .
. Stalin issued a ‘buffer zone ‘ around Russia
14
Q
What was cominform in response to ?
A
The Truman doctrine
15
Q
What was comecon in response to ?
A
The marshall plan
16
Q
What is the meaning of cominform ?
A
The communist information Bureau
17
Q
When was cominform set up ?
A
1947
18
Q
What was cominform ?
A
Made to control the governments that followed the communism regime , to keep control over the satellite states .
19
Q
When was comecon set up ?
A
1949
20
Q
What was Comecon ?
A
Made to support economic development in satellite states
21
Q
When was the Truman doctrine made ?
A
1947
22
Q
What was the Truman doctrine ?
A
The truman doctrine was a foreign policy outlining the urgency to contain communism particularly in Europe . Set up to prevent the spread of communism .
23
Q
Truman set out why the USA should get involved , what were they ?
A
. If Russia took Greece and Turkey , the middle east would follow and they would access all the resources in the middle east .
. Countries faced a choice between communism or capitalism
. Communism was meant to be bad because ‘apparently ‘ people couldn’t be free
24
Q
When the truman doctrine was made , what alliance finished ?
A
The grand alliance
25
When was the marshall plan ?
1948
26
What was the marshall plan ?
The marshall plan was a tactical plan used to support western europe . Food, machinery , and money to get them going again . This isolated eastern europe .
27
Why did the USA use the marshall plan ?
They used it to make communism and Stalin look bad
28
What impact did the marshall plan have ?
Ussr furious
Stalin insisted that Eastern europe countries should refuse it
Makes the division of europe bigger
29
What was the domino effect , starting with the Russian expansion and ending with comecon ?
Russian expansion , iron curtain speech , truman doctrine , cominform , marshall plan and comecon
30
In what year was the Berlin crisis ?
1957
31
What was living in the eastern block of Germany in 1957 ?
The east germans suffered low living standards and their shortages of basic goods so the communist regime was increasingly unpopular .
32
Why did Khrushchev build the berlin wall ?
The flow of refugees was humiliating for the USSR
Many of these refugees were skilled workers , important to the economy
The existence of west Berlin generally was resented by the ussr
33
By 1958 , how many east germans went over to West germany ?
Three million
34
What did Kruschev's ultimatum outline ?
. Berlin should be de - militarised and western troops withdrawn
. Berlin should be a free city
35
What was Khrushevs response to the amount of east Berliners going over to the west ?
His Berlin Ultimatum and the Berlin wall
36
What is an ultimatum ?
A final demand , often backed up with a threat to take a action
37
What was the west's reaction to Krushevs Berlin Ultimatum ?
Had a major impact on international relations . The west were outraged by this
38
When was the geneva meeting during the period of 1959 - 61 ?
1959
39
What were the four summit meetings called as a result of the Berlin problem in 1957 and 1958 ?
Geneva , Camp David , Paris and Vienna
40
What was the Geneva summit meeting about in 1959 ?
No real agreements made , Krushev to visit US for further talks
41
When was the meeting at Camp david ?
1959
42
What was agreed at Camp David in 1959 ?
No solutions made . Soviets withdraw their ultimatum and it improved relations a bit
43
When was the Paris meeting to solve the Berlin problem ?
1960
44
What happened at the Paris meeting as a result of the Berlin problem?
Disaster. On the 1st of May they had shot down on American U-2 spy plane as it flew over the soviet union . Khrushchev storms out after Eisenhower refused to apologise about the incident .
45
When was the Vienna summit after the Berlin problem ?
1961
46
What was agreed upon at the Vienna summit in 1961 ?
In January 1961 , JFK became the president of the USA . Kennedy decided to resolve difficulties with the soviet union through talks . However Khrushchev believed that JFK had no experience in foreign affairs and so repeats the Berlin ultimatum of 1958 . No final decision on Berlin and relations became very strained .
47
When was the Berlin ultimatum made ?
1958
48
When was the Berlin wall made ?
1961
49
How long did the Berlin wall last until ?
1989
50
For Khrushchev , why was the Berlin wall good for him ?
It stopped the refugee problem . It allowed Khrushchev to avoid war whilst appear strong .
51
For Khrushchev , why was the Berlin wall bad ?
Khrushchev had been unable to force the west out of west Berlin . Humiliating that the soviets had to build a wall to keep the people of East Germany in
52
For Kennedy , why was the creation of the Berlin wall good ?
It avoided a war , Khrushchev had admitted he was not able to force the west out of Berlin . It was a propaganda victory for the west .
53
For Kennedy , why was the building of the Berlin wall bad ?
West Berlin was encircled by a wall which limited their freedom and America had not done anything to stop this being built .
54
What were the big impact of the berlin wall for civilians ?
Families seperated
People died crossing it
Relationships damaged
55
Until 1959 who were Cuba closely allied to ? Who was the leader of Cuba at this time ?
To the United States . General Batista
56
What kind of things did the Americans own in Cuba ?
Most of the businesses , banks , sugar , tobacco plantations and a large naval base
57
List the events of the Bay of Pigs invasion starting at 1959 and ending in 1961 .
1. In 1959 Bastista was overthrown in a revolution by Fidel Castro
2. Fidel Castro was appointed dictator of Cuba . After this Fidel looked for support from the USA but Eisenhower refused to speak to him .
3. However then at the united nations conference meeting , the USSR took their chance and talked to Castro and offered support .
4. Because of this friendship and support , Castro was drawn to communism even though he was not communist before ; he removed all American owned compensation . The USA now had a communist state in their backyard .
5. The USA then took action and stopped trading goods with Cuba . However this backfired and the Cubans looked to the USSR .
6. Eisenhower died and JFK was installed as president of USA and approved a plan to invade and overthrow communism .
7 . The USA landed 1400 cuban exiles at the bay if pigs on the southern coast of Cuba to provoke an anti communist uprising . At the last minute Kennedy called it off and cancelled air support which was promised by the cuban rebels .
8 . The lack of air support meant that the rebels were either captured or killed . JFK was blamed .
9 . Massive embarrassment for JFK and 53 million dollars worth of stuff lost
58
List the events within the cuban missile crisis in 1962 ?
1. U2 spy planes spot nuclear missiles on Cuba
2. President Kennedy was informed of the missiles on Cuba . He called a meeting with his advisors . They advised him with these options :
. To invade Cuba
3. Kennedy decided to blockade Cuba and American forces were put on high . Kennedy addressed the public and the world television . He announced that their were soviet missiles on Cuba and that the USA was blockading the island .
4. Soviet ships turned around before reaching the blockade
5. Khrushchev sent Kennedy his first letter , promising to remove missiles if the blockade was lifted
6. Before a response was made , he sent a second letter . He made an additional demand that American missiles were removed in Turkey .
. To blockade Cuba from the USSR
. To airstrike the missile bases
. Or no action
59
60
61
What were the consequences of the Cuban missile crisis for Kennedy ?
He got missiles out of Cuba
Had to allow castro back into power
Improved his reputation
Stood up to hardliners
62
What were the consequences for Khrushchev of the Cuban missile crisis ?
. He was a peacemaker
. Military upset about having to be withdrawn
. Kicked out of the Kremlin
63
What 4 things were made after the Cuban missile crisis ?
Washington - Moscow hotline
Test ban treaty
Outer space treaty
Nuclear non proliferation treaty
64
What was the Washington moscow hotline ?
This was a direct telephone line between the USA and USSR , so that they could call each other if they had any more problems .
65
What was the Test ban treaty ?
This was signed by the united states , soviet union and Great Britain . This was a treaty to prohibit nuclear weapons .
66
What was the outer space treaty ?
USA and the USSR agreed not to use space for military purposes . It ruled out putting nuclear weapons into orbit
67
What was the nuclear non proliferation treaty ?
Signed to stop the spread of nuclear weapons
68
What were the causes of the cuban missile crisis ?
Bay of pigs / U2 spy plane
69
What were the consequences of the cuban missile crisis ?
Test ban treaty
Outer space treaty
Nuclear non proliferation treaty
Washington Moscow hotline
Khrushchev fired
MAD - mutually assured destruction
70
What was leadership under Novotny like ?
A cold and ruthless man
He was never a popular figure
Devotion to moscow
Dedicated Stalinist
71
Why was there a change in leader of the Czech republic
The new economic model was unsuccessful
Living standards fell
Czech people demanded change
Communist rule was strict
72
Who took over from Novotny in 1968 ?
Dubcek
73
Who was Dubcek ?
Mate of Novotny's / wanted to make a more popular face of communism
74
What kind of impact did Dubcek when he came to power ? What kind of things did he introduce ?
. Multi party elections allowed
. Western styles and visitors poured in
. He revealed the crimes of stalin
. Ended censorship - the suppression of speech , public communication
. Secret police lessened
. Anti communist newspaper
. Made czech a better place
75
The reforms that Dubcek made when he came to power became known as what ?
Prague spring
76
Events of the Prague spring ?
1. Dubceks reforms were met with great enthusiasm by the Czech people . However they weren't that popular in Moscow and Dubcek was careful to inform and assure Moscow that Czech would remain in the Warsaw pact .
2. Brezhnev disapproved of many of these measures Dubcek was proposing . If these measures were introduced in the Czechoslovakia then the other satellite states would follow . The allies of the soviets would decrease.
3. Brezhnev urged Dubcek to not endanger communism by going too far with his reforms
4. He decided to take action
5. On 20 th August 1968 500 , 000 Warsaw pact troops invaded Czechoslovakia and ended the Prague spring . There was little opposition to the invasion . Dubcek was arrested , sent to Moscow and ordered to reverse his reforms . In 1969 he was removed from power . For the next 20 years , the country was under firm communist rule
6. The Brezhnev doctrine was made . It set out that the USSR will invade any East European country if the security of the Eastern block was threatened .
77
What was the results of the Czech invasion ?
. Further evidence of unpopularity of soviet style control
. Showed soviet commitment to protecting the Eastern block
. Condemned by US but no military help
. Other communist parties across Europe condemn it
78
What was Detente ?
Detente was a thaw in relations , created a better relationship . A period of calm and peace . Co-operation .
79
Why did Detente happen ?
. The USA wanted to focus on ending the Vietnam war , addressing problems in their own country and it was expensive building nuclear weapons
. The USSR had poor living standards , the economy is not developing and building nuclear weapons was expensive
. The were both fed up with conflict
. There was pressure for improved relations coming from Europe . In 1969 , Willy Brandt was elected chancellor of West Germany . He followed a policy of Ostpolitik which involved building better relations between East and West Germany .
. The USSR figured they were no match for USA's nuclear weapons
80
When was Salt 1 made ?
1972
81
What was Salt 1 ?
The treaty was the result of several years of difficult negotiations between the USA and the USSR about which weapons should be limited .
82
What was the anti ballistic treaty within salt 1 ?
Stated that ABM's were allowed at two sites . Each site should have a maximum of 100 missiles .
83
What were the three areas of Salt 1 ?
The anti ballistic treaty
The interim treaty
The basic principles agreement
84
What was the interim treaty within salt 1 ?
Placed restrictions on the number of ICBM's and SLBMs each country should have
85
What was the basic principles agreement within salt 1 ?
Laid down rules for the conduct of nuclear warfare and set out steps for avoiding nuclear war
86
When were the Helsinki accords made ?
1973
87
Within the Helsinki accords , how many baskets were there and what did they do ?
1. European borders
2. International co -operation - economy and trade
3. Human rights - freedom of speech across europe
88
What ended detente ?
Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
89
What agreement was not ratified because of the soviet invasion of Afghanistan ?
Salt 2
90
Give the events building up to the soviet invasion of Afghanistan ?
April 1978 - pro soviet government under Taraki came to power in Afghanistan with assistance in Moscow
September 1979 - government overthrown by Amin - soviet initially support him but began to suspect he was looking toward the US for support
December 24th 1979 - soviets invaded Afghanistan ( they claimed they had been invited )
December 27 th 1979 - Amin assassinated and replaced by Karmal a pro soviet
91
92
What were the reasons for the soviet invasion of Afghanistan ?
. Extend influence in oil - rich middle east
. USSR did not trust Amin and Brezhnev feared that muslims would take control
. Fear that if Amin won then it would encourage other states with large muslim population within the USSR to become independent
93
What was the American reaction to the soviet invasion of Afghanistan ?
The Americans believed that it was an example of the soviets attempting to spread communism abroad , which they had worked to resist .
94
What were the impacts of the soviet invasion ?
Us boycotts of moscow olympics
End of detente
Soviets boycott los angeles olympics
Usa supplies mujahideen with money and weapons
Carter doctrine
95
What was the carter doctrine ?
President Carter would use force to protect us interest
96
When does Gorbachev come into control ?
1985
97
What reforms did Gorbachev introduce ?
Glasnost, perestroika and the Sinatra doctrine
98
What was Glastnost ?
An increase in openness and transparency in the soviet union
99
What was perestroika ?
Restructuring the economy
100
What was the Sinatra doctrine ?
A doctrine that outline that the satellites should do their own way
101
When did the Berlin wall fall ?
1989
102
What were the list of presidents throughout the cold war ?
Harry truman
Eisenhower
Kennedy
Johnson
Nixon
Ford
Carter
Ronald reagan
Bush
103
List of russian presidents during the cold war ?
Stalin
Khrushchev
Brezhnev
Gorbachev
104
What was the Berlin blockade ?
Stalin tried to force the west out of Berlin by blockading it in 1948
105
When was the Berlin blockade ?
1948
106
When did the Berlin blockade end ?
1949
107
Why did the Berlin blockade not work ?
Because the USA and the west were determined to not give in to pressure so they decided to supply the west of Berlin by air
108
When was NATO formed ?
1949
109
When was the Warsaw pact formed ?
1955
110
Why was the warsaw pact formed ?
Made after west Germany joined nato
111
When did Stalin die ?
1953
112
When was NATO made ?
1949
113
When was the warsaw pact made ?
1955
114
When did Stalin die ?
1955
115
Why was Stalin's death such an important event in the cold war ?
Because it created a thaw in communist regime and the control that people were under
116
When was the Hungarian uprising ?
1956
117
Give the events of the Hungarian uprising ?
1. 1956 students workers and soldiers attacked the secret police and smashed the statue of stalin
2. October 1956 Imre Nagy a moderate and westerniser took the role of prime minister
3. Nagy asked Khrushchev to move the Russian troops out . Khrushchev agreed .
4. For five days there was freedom in Hungary . They introduced democracy , freedom of speech and freedom of religion
5. November 1956 Nagy announced that Hungary was going to leave the Warsaw pact . However Khrushchev was not going to allow this . He claimed he had received a letter from the Hungarian communist leaders asking for help .
6. 4th November 1,000 Russian troops rolled into Budapest . They destroyed the Hungarian army and captured Hungarian radio .
7. Hungarian people - even children fought the Russian troops with machine guns - some 4000 Hungarians were killed .
8. Imre Nagy was in hiding in the Yugoslav embassy . Nagy tried to escape the country but he was captured and was shot in Romania
9 . 200,000 Romanians escaped to Austria
118
What did the west do during the Hungarian uprising ?
Hungary had begged them for their support , they criticised the soviets but offered no military support .
119
What were the consequences of the hungarian uprising ?
The USA looked weak as they had failed to keep their promise in the truman doctrine
120
What were the causes of the Hungarian uprising ?
. De-salinisation speeches from Khrushchev made Hungarians hopeful for a more liberal USSR
. New leaders from Russia and the USA
. Fed up with the communist regime
121
What happened to Khrushchev's leadership after the Hungarian uprising ?
Strengthened , made him look strong
122
What happened to the warsaw pact because of the Hungarian uprising ?
Strengthened aswell , no other satellite states though to cross the USSR
123
When was the American boycott of the Moscow olympics ?
1980
124
Why did the Americans and soviets boycott each others olympics ?
Soviets had invaded Afghanistan and the Americans had boycotted their olympics a-swell
125
When was the Russian boycott of the American olypmics ?
1984
126
At the start of the cold war , what were the two telegrams called that outlined that each side hated each other ?
Long and Novikov
